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Sociodemographic and Etiological Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Syncope: A Single-Center, Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 121 - 126, 23.01.2026

Abstract

Aim: This prospective, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, chronic diseases, psychiatric and physical conditions, clinical features, and final diagnoses of children presenting with syncope to a pediatric neurology clinic.
Material and Methods: Children aged 2–18 years who presented with syncope between April 2023 and April 2024 were included. Data collected comprised sociodemographic details, family history, clinical characteristics of syncope (frequency, duration, triggers), neurological and cardiac history, physical examination findings, EEG, laboratory results, and other investigations. Patients with recurrent syncope or cardiac symptoms were referred to cardiology.
Results: A total of 125 patients were enrolled. The majority were female (64%), with the 10–15 age group being most common. Vasovagal syncope was diagnosed in 101 patients. Epilepsy (n=3) and cardiogenic syncope (n=1) were identified, while 20 cases remained unexplained. Chronic diseases were present in 19.2% and psychiatric disorders in 7.2% of patients. Vitamin B12 deficiency was seen in 8 children, and vitamin D deficiency in 63. The most common presyncope symptoms were dizziness (74.4%) and a feeling of faintness (62.4%). Post-syncope findings included convulsions or tremors (34.4%) and vomiting (9.6%).
Conclusion: Most pediatric syncope cases are benign, with vasovagal syncope being the predominant etiology. Nonetheless, serious conditions like epilepsy and cardiogenic syncope, which can mimic benign causes, must not be overlooked. A detailed clinical history, physical examination, and selective testing are crucial for accurate diagnosis and to rule out life-threatening causes.

References

  • 1. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(5):e39-110. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.003.
  • 2. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883-1948. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037.
  • 3. Zavala R, Metais B, Tuckfield L, DelVecchio M, Aronoff S. Pediatric syncope: a systematic review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020;36(9):442-445. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000002149.
  • 4. Salerno JC. Causes of syncope in children and adolescents. In: UpToDate [Internet]. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; [updated 2024 Jul 30; cited 2026 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-syncope-in-children-and-adolescents
  • 5. Hu E, Liu X, Chen Q, Wang C. Investigation on the incidence of syncope in children and adolescents aged 2–18 years in Changsha. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:638394. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.638394.
  • 6. Sheldon RS, Grubb BP 2nd, Olshansky B, Shen WK, Calkins H, Brignole M, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(6):e41-63. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.029.
  • 7. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475-82. doi:10.1111/epi.12550.
  • 8. Yılmaz Ü, Özdemir R, Katipoğlu N, Dağ T, Ataş Berksoy E, Meşe T. Çocuklarda senkop etiyolojisi, nörolojik ve kardiyolojik incelemelerin tanıdaki değeri. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2014;8(2):64-70.
  • 9. Simon RP. Syncope. In: Goldman L, Ausiello DA, editors. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. vol. 2. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 2008. p. 2687-91.
  • 10. Driscoll DJ, Jacobsen SJ, Porter CJ, Wollan PC. Syncope in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(5):1039-45.
  • 11. Sheldon RS, Sheldon AG, Connolly SJ, Morillo CA, Klingenheben T, Krahn AD, et al. Age of first faint in patients with vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(1):49-54. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00267.x
  • 12. Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, Connolly SJ, Koshman ML, Lee MA, et al. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(1):142-8. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01940-x.
  • 13. Leibetseder A, Eisermann M, LaFrance WC Jr, Nobili L, von Oertzen TJ. How to distinguish seizures from non-epileptic manifestations. Epileptic Disord. 2020;22(6):716-38. doi:10.1684/epd.2020.1234.
  • 14. Tekin E, Diler Durgut B, Öncü SB. Bayılma şikâyetiyle çocuk nöroloji polikliniğine gelen hastaların değerlendirilmesi: geriye dönük klinik araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2021;30(3):205-11. doi:10.5336/pediatr.2021-82102.
  • 15. Cuzzocrea G, Fontana A, Mascanzoni M, Manca F, Pecora R, Trani L, et al. Psychopathological correlates and psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents with syncope: a systematic review. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024;21(5):358-75. doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240502.
  • 16. Ungar A, Rafanelli M. Syncope: electrocardiographic and clinical correlation. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2018;10(2):371-86. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2018.02.007.
  • 17. Zhang Q, Zhu L, Wang C, Du Z, Hu X, Tian H, et al. Value of history taking in children and adolescents with cardiac syncope. Cardiol Young. 2013;23(1):54-60. doi:10.1017/S1047951112000303.

Bayılma Şikayetiyle Gelen Hastaların Sosyodemografik ve Etiyolojik Değerlendirilmesi: Tek Merkez, Prospektif, Kesitsel Çalışma

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 121 - 126, 23.01.2026

Abstract

Amaç: Bu prospektif, kesitsel çalışma, bayılma şikayetiyle pediatrik nöroloji polikliniğine başvuran çocukların sosyodemografik özelliklerini, kronik hastalıklarını, psikiyatrik ve fiziksel durumlarını, ayrıntılı klinik öykülerini ve nihai tanılarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Nisan 2023 - Nisan 2024 tarihleri arasında pediatrik nöroloji polikliniğine bayılma şikayetiyle başvuran 2-18 yaş arası hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veri, sosyodemografik bilgiler, aile öyküsü, senkopun klinik özellikleri (sıklık, süre, tetikleyiciler), nörolojik ve kardiyak öyküler, klinik muayene bulguları, elektroensefalogram, laboratuvar test sonuçları ve tetkiklerden elde edilmiştir. Birden fazla senkop atağı geçiren veya ek kardiyak semptomu bulunan hastalar kardiyolojiye yönlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 125 hasta dahil edildi. Bu hastalardan 3'ü epilepsi, 1'i kardiyojenik senkop, 101'i ise vazovagal senkop tanısı aldı. Etiyoloji 20 hastada belirlenemedi. Hastaların çoğunluğu (%64) kız cinsiyette ve 10-15 yaş aralığındaydı. Kronik hastalıklar hastaların %19,2'sinde ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar %7,2'sinde tespit edildi. Sekiz hastada B12 vitamini eksikliği, 63 hastada ise D vitamini eksikliği saptandı. Senkop öncesi en sık gözlemlenen belirtiler baş dönmesi (74,4%) ve fenalaşma hissi (62,4%) iken, senkop sonrası bulgular arasında kasılma/titreme (34,4%) ve kusma (9,6%) yaygın olarak bildirildi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, pediatrik senkop vakalarının çoğunun iyi huylu olduğunu ve en yaygın nedenin vazovagal senkop olduğunu göstermektedir. Az sayıda hastada kardiyojenik senkop gibi ciddi altta yatan durumlar ve epilepsi gibi senkopla karışabilecek hastalıklar da tespit edilmiştir. Senkop etiyolojisinin belirlenmesinde, klinik öykü, fiziksel muayene ve gerektiğinde uygun testlerin yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul onayı, Giresun Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 04.04.2023 tarihli ve 2 nolu karar ile alınmıştır.

References

  • 1. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(5):e39-110. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.003.
  • 2. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883-1948. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037.
  • 3. Zavala R, Metais B, Tuckfield L, DelVecchio M, Aronoff S. Pediatric syncope: a systematic review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020;36(9):442-445. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000002149.
  • 4. Salerno JC. Causes of syncope in children and adolescents. In: UpToDate [Internet]. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; [updated 2024 Jul 30; cited 2026 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-syncope-in-children-and-adolescents
  • 5. Hu E, Liu X, Chen Q, Wang C. Investigation on the incidence of syncope in children and adolescents aged 2–18 years in Changsha. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:638394. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.638394.
  • 6. Sheldon RS, Grubb BP 2nd, Olshansky B, Shen WK, Calkins H, Brignole M, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(6):e41-63. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.029.
  • 7. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475-82. doi:10.1111/epi.12550.
  • 8. Yılmaz Ü, Özdemir R, Katipoğlu N, Dağ T, Ataş Berksoy E, Meşe T. Çocuklarda senkop etiyolojisi, nörolojik ve kardiyolojik incelemelerin tanıdaki değeri. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2014;8(2):64-70.
  • 9. Simon RP. Syncope. In: Goldman L, Ausiello DA, editors. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. vol. 2. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 2008. p. 2687-91.
  • 10. Driscoll DJ, Jacobsen SJ, Porter CJ, Wollan PC. Syncope in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(5):1039-45.
  • 11. Sheldon RS, Sheldon AG, Connolly SJ, Morillo CA, Klingenheben T, Krahn AD, et al. Age of first faint in patients with vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(1):49-54. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00267.x
  • 12. Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, Connolly SJ, Koshman ML, Lee MA, et al. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(1):142-8. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01940-x.
  • 13. Leibetseder A, Eisermann M, LaFrance WC Jr, Nobili L, von Oertzen TJ. How to distinguish seizures from non-epileptic manifestations. Epileptic Disord. 2020;22(6):716-38. doi:10.1684/epd.2020.1234.
  • 14. Tekin E, Diler Durgut B, Öncü SB. Bayılma şikâyetiyle çocuk nöroloji polikliniğine gelen hastaların değerlendirilmesi: geriye dönük klinik araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2021;30(3):205-11. doi:10.5336/pediatr.2021-82102.
  • 15. Cuzzocrea G, Fontana A, Mascanzoni M, Manca F, Pecora R, Trani L, et al. Psychopathological correlates and psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents with syncope: a systematic review. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2024;21(5):358-75. doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240502.
  • 16. Ungar A, Rafanelli M. Syncope: electrocardiographic and clinical correlation. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2018;10(2):371-86. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2018.02.007.
  • 17. Zhang Q, Zhu L, Wang C, Du Z, Hu X, Tian H, et al. Value of history taking in children and adolescents with cardiac syncope. Cardiol Young. 2013;23(1):54-60. doi:10.1017/S1047951112000303.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Clinical Research
Authors

Betül Diler Durgut 0000-0002-0322-2843

Emine Tekin 0000-0002-5115-8890

Bekir Yukcu 0000-0003-1661-7024

Submission Date February 23, 2025
Acceptance Date December 31, 2025
Publication Date January 23, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Diler Durgut B, Tekin E, Yukcu B. Bayılma Şikayetiyle Gelen Hastaların Sosyodemografik ve Etiyolojik Değerlendirilmesi: Tek Merkez, Prospektif, Kesitsel Çalışma. VHS. 2026;16(1):121-6.