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Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival

Year 2026, Issue: 11 , 15 - 30 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA

Abstract

Objective: Transfusion decisions critically influence outcomes in severe illness. Patient Blood Management (PBM) strategies optimize transfusion practice and mitigate immunological risk.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30 month transfusion records across all departments. Transfusion endpoints—including erythrocyte suspension (ES), platelet , and fresh frozen plasma—were evaluated. ES recipients were stratified into critical risk units (intensive care, hematology, oncology, palliative care) versus other clinical departments. Outcomes were defined by survival status during follow up. Analyses comprised Kaplan–Meier survival curves, logistic regression (univariate and multivariate), and ROC curve evaluation.
Results: Among 1,805 patients receiving 4,999 ES units, 208 were analyzed (Oct–Dec 2023; median follow up 12.45 months). Of these, 42.3% were transfused in critical risk departments and 43.3% died. Survivors showed higher pre and post transfusion RBC and lymphocyte counts (p < 0.05). Mortality was independently associated with transfusion intensity, malignancy, and critical care admission. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, malignancy, and critical care admission as predictors of poor survival. ROC analysis indicated strong model performance (AUC = 0.859), and Kaplan–Meier curves revealed significantly reduced survival in high risk subgroups.
Conclusion: Transfusion burden and immune parameters shape survival in critical illness, underscoring individualized, risk adapted PBM.

Ethical Statement

Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bitlis Eren University (Approval No: 2025/06-2, Reference No: E.7438, Date: June 17, 2025).

Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • 1. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–9.
  • 2. Memis Bilgin Y. Clinical effects and possible mechanisms of transfusion-related immunomodulation. IntechOpen. 2023. doi:10.5772/intechopen.107228.
  • 3. BMJ Best Practice. Transfusion reactions. BMJ Publishing Group; 2024.
  • 4. Bansal N, Raturi M, Singh C, Bansal Y. Immunological complications of blood transfusion: current insights and advances. Curr Opin Immunol. 2025;96:102617.
  • 5. Jiménez Franco DA, Pérez Velásquez CA, Rodríguez Lima DR. Mortality in critically ill patients with liberal versus restrictive transfusion thresholds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(6):2049.
  • 6. Bolcato M, Russo M, Trentino K, Isbister J, Rodriguez D, Aprile A. Patient blood management: The best approach to transfusion medicine risk management. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(4):102779. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102779.
  • 7. Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30-day mortality, surgical-site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):706–715.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.019.
  • 8. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Transfusion immunomodulation from a clinical perspective: An update. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(6):653–63. doi:10.1586/17474086.2013.850026.
  • 9. Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1317–26. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2726.
  • 10. Farmer SL, Trentino K, Hofmann A, Semmens JB, Mukhtar SA, Prosser G, et al. A programmatic approach to patient blood management – reducing transfusions and improving patient outcomes. Open Anesthesiol J. 2015;9:6–16.
  • 11. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.
  • 12. Althoff FC, Neb H, Herrmann E, Trentino KM, Vernich L, Füllenbach C, et al. Multimodal patient blood management program based on a three-pillar strategy. Ann Surg. 2019;269(5):794–804. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003095.
  • 13. Franchini M, Marano G, Veropalumbo E, Masiello F, Pati I, Candura F, et al. Patient Blood Management: A revolutionary approach to transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(3):191–195. doi:10.2450/2019.0109-19.
  • 14. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199902113400601
  • 15. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1381–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617
  • 16. Wisnawa AD, Aryabiantara IW, Senapathi TGA, Widnyana IMG. The red-cell transfusion strategy dilemma in critically ill patients in ICU: Is restrictive or liberal the answer? Acta Inform Med. 2025;33(1):71–78. doi:10.5455/aim.2025.33.71-78.,
  • 17. Benyahia S, Avila M, Coughlin E, Mahil A, Riveron A, Luo Y, Wenham R, Huang J. Impact of intraoperative blood transfusions on survival rates in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Control. 2025;32:10732748251339248.
  • 18. Ecker BL, Simmons KD, Zaheer S, et al. Blood transfusion in major abdominal surgery for malignant tumors: a trend analysis using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(6):518–525. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2015.5094.
  • 19. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–589. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2019000063.
  • 20. Mueller MM, van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, Aranko K, Murphy M, Carson JL, Seifried E. 2018 Evidence base of patient blood management – Recommendations from the First International Consensus Conference, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Blood. 2019;134(Suppl 1):4982. doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-130601.
  • 21. Wester ML, Sampon F, Olsthoorn JR, Soliman-Hamad MA, Houterman S, Maas AHEM, Roefs MM, Meesters MI, ter Woorst JFJ; on behalf of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Registration Committee of the Netherlands Heart Registration. Gender is independently associated with red blood cell and platelet transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: Data from the Netherlands Heart Registration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2024;38(4):924–930. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.12.033.
  • 22. Karafin MS, Bruhn R, Westlake M, Sullivan MT, Bialkowski W, Edgren G, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of transfusion recipients from four U.S. regions: Evidence from the REDS-III Recipient Database. Transfusion. 2017;57(12):2903–13. doi:10.1111/trf.14370.

Transfüzyon Pratiği ve Kritik Hastalarda Eritrosit Süspansiyonu: Sağkalım Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2026, Issue: 11 , 15 - 30 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA

Abstract

Giriş: Transfüzyon kararları, kritik hastalıklarda prognoz açısından çok önemlidir. Hasta Kan Yönetimi (PBM) stratejileri, transfüzyon kararlarını optimize etmeyi ve immünolojik riskleri azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, tüm bölümlerde 30 ay boyunca transfüzyon kayıtları analiz edildi. Eritrosit süspansiyonu (ES), trombosit konsantresi ve taze donmuş plazma (TDP) dahil olmak üzere transfüzyon sonlanım noktaları değerlendirildi. ES transfüzyonu alan hastalar iki gruba ayrılmıştır: kritik riskli bölümlerde (yoğun bakım, hematoloji, onkoloji ve palyatif bakım) tedavi görenler ve diğer klinik birimlerde tedavi görenler. Takip sırasında hayatta kalma durumu, sonuç gruplarını tanımlamak için kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler arasında Kaplan-Meier hayatta kalma eğrileri, tek değişkenli ve çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon ve alıcı işletim karakteristiği (ROC) eğrisi değerlendirmesi yer almıştır.
Sonuçlar: Toplam 4.999 ES ünitesi 1.805 hastaya transfüze edildi. Ekim ve Aralık 2023 arasında, ES transfüzyonu yapılan 208 hasta analiz edildi. Medyan takip süresi 12,45 aydı ve bu süre zarfında hastaların %42,3'ü kritik riskli bölümlerde transfüzyon aldı ve %43,3'ü öldü. Transfüzyon öncesi ve sonrası kırmızı kan hücresi ve lenfosit sayıları, hayatta kalanlarda anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p < 0,05). Transfüzyon yoğunluğu, malignite durumu ve yoğun bakım yatışı, mortalite artışı ile bağımsız olarak ilişkiliydi. Çok değişkenli analiz, yaş, malignite ve yoğun bakım yatışının kötü sağkalımın önemli belirleyicileri olduğunu doğruladı. ROC analizi, modelin güçlü performansını gösterdi (AUC = 0,859) ve Kaplan-Meier eğrileri, yüksek riskli alt gruplarda hayatta kalma oranının önemli ölçüde azaldığını ortaya koydu.
Tartışma: Transfüzyon yükü ve immünolojik parametreler, kritik hastaların hayatta kalma oranını önemli ölçüde etkiler. Bu bulgular, kişiselleştirilmiş PBM stratejilerinin uygulanmasını destekler ve riske uyarlanmış transfüzyon protokollerinin gerekliliğini vurgular.

Ethical Statement

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu 2025/06-2, Reference Numarası : E.7438, Tarih: Haziran 17, 2025)

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–9.
  • 2. Memis Bilgin Y. Clinical effects and possible mechanisms of transfusion-related immunomodulation. IntechOpen. 2023. doi:10.5772/intechopen.107228.
  • 3. BMJ Best Practice. Transfusion reactions. BMJ Publishing Group; 2024.
  • 4. Bansal N, Raturi M, Singh C, Bansal Y. Immunological complications of blood transfusion: current insights and advances. Curr Opin Immunol. 2025;96:102617.
  • 5. Jiménez Franco DA, Pérez Velásquez CA, Rodríguez Lima DR. Mortality in critically ill patients with liberal versus restrictive transfusion thresholds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(6):2049.
  • 6. Bolcato M, Russo M, Trentino K, Isbister J, Rodriguez D, Aprile A. Patient blood management: The best approach to transfusion medicine risk management. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(4):102779. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102779.
  • 7. Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30-day mortality, surgical-site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):706–715.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.019.
  • 8. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Transfusion immunomodulation from a clinical perspective: An update. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(6):653–63. doi:10.1586/17474086.2013.850026.
  • 9. Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1317–26. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2726.
  • 10. Farmer SL, Trentino K, Hofmann A, Semmens JB, Mukhtar SA, Prosser G, et al. A programmatic approach to patient blood management – reducing transfusions and improving patient outcomes. Open Anesthesiol J. 2015;9:6–16.
  • 11. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.
  • 12. Althoff FC, Neb H, Herrmann E, Trentino KM, Vernich L, Füllenbach C, et al. Multimodal patient blood management program based on a three-pillar strategy. Ann Surg. 2019;269(5):794–804. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003095.
  • 13. Franchini M, Marano G, Veropalumbo E, Masiello F, Pati I, Candura F, et al. Patient Blood Management: A revolutionary approach to transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(3):191–195. doi:10.2450/2019.0109-19.
  • 14. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199902113400601
  • 15. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1381–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617
  • 16. Wisnawa AD, Aryabiantara IW, Senapathi TGA, Widnyana IMG. The red-cell transfusion strategy dilemma in critically ill patients in ICU: Is restrictive or liberal the answer? Acta Inform Med. 2025;33(1):71–78. doi:10.5455/aim.2025.33.71-78.,
  • 17. Benyahia S, Avila M, Coughlin E, Mahil A, Riveron A, Luo Y, Wenham R, Huang J. Impact of intraoperative blood transfusions on survival rates in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Control. 2025;32:10732748251339248.
  • 18. Ecker BL, Simmons KD, Zaheer S, et al. Blood transfusion in major abdominal surgery for malignant tumors: a trend analysis using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(6):518–525. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2015.5094.
  • 19. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–589. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2019000063.
  • 20. Mueller MM, van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, Aranko K, Murphy M, Carson JL, Seifried E. 2018 Evidence base of patient blood management – Recommendations from the First International Consensus Conference, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Blood. 2019;134(Suppl 1):4982. doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-130601.
  • 21. Wester ML, Sampon F, Olsthoorn JR, Soliman-Hamad MA, Houterman S, Maas AHEM, Roefs MM, Meesters MI, ter Woorst JFJ; on behalf of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Registration Committee of the Netherlands Heart Registration. Gender is independently associated with red blood cell and platelet transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: Data from the Netherlands Heart Registration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2024;38(4):924–930. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.12.033.
  • 22. Karafin MS, Bruhn R, Westlake M, Sullivan MT, Bialkowski W, Edgren G, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of transfusion recipients from four U.S. regions: Evidence from the REDS-III Recipient Database. Transfusion. 2017;57(12):2903–13. doi:10.1111/trf.14370.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ICU Nursing, Nursing (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Derya Koyun 0000-0003-3970-2010

Fatma Söylemez 0000-0002-4558-1350

Submission Date February 28, 2026
Acceptance Date March 27, 2026
Publication Date March 31, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
Published in Issue Year 2026 Issue: 11

Cite

APA Koyun, D., & Söylemez, F. (2026). Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11, 15-30. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
AMA 1.Koyun D, Söylemez F. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Journal of Health Sciences. 2026;(11):15-30. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
Chicago Koyun, Derya, and Fatma Söylemez. 2026. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, nos. 11: 15-30. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
EndNote Koyun D, Söylemez F (March 1, 2026) Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 15–30.
IEEE [1]D. Koyun and F. Söylemez, “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”, Journal of Health Sciences, no. 11, pp. 15–30, Mar. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
ISNAD Koyun, Derya - Söylemez, Fatma. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 11 (March 1, 2026): 15-30. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
JAMA 1.Koyun D, Söylemez F. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Journal of Health Sciences. 2026;:15–30.
MLA Koyun, Derya, and Fatma Söylemez. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, no. 11, Mar. 2026, pp. 15-30, https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
Vancouver 1.Derya Koyun, Fatma Söylemez. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Journal of Health Sciences [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 1;(11):15-30. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA