Araştırma Makalesi
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Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 11 , 15 - 31 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA

Öz

Objective: Transfusion decisions critically influence outcomes in severe illness. Patient Blood Management (PBM) strategies optimize transfusion practice and mitigate immunological risk.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 30-month transfusion records across all departments. Transfusion endpoints—including red blood cell (RBC), platelet , and fresh frozen plasma—were evaluated. RBC recipients were stratified into critical-risk units versus other clinical departments. Outcomes were defined by survival status during follow-up. Analyses comprised Kaplan–Meier survival curves, logistic regression (univariate and multivariate), and ROC curve evaluation.

Results: Among 1,805 patients receiving 4,999 RBC transfusions, 208 were analyzed (Oct–Dec 2023; median follow-up 12.45 months). Of these, 42.3% were transfused in critical-risk departments and 43.3% died. Survivors showed higher pre- and post-transfusion RBC and lymphocyte counts (p < 0.05). Mortality was independently associated with transfusion intensity, malignancy, and critical care admission. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, malignancy, and critical care admission as predictors of poor survival. ROC analysis indicated strong model performance (AUC = 0.859), and Kaplan–Meier curves revealed significantly reduced survival in high-risk subgroups.

Conclusion: Transfusion burden and immune parameters shape survival in critical illness, underscoring
individualized, risk-adapted PBM.

Etik Beyan

Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bitlis Eren University (Approval No: 2025/06-2, Reference No: E.7438, Date: June 17, 2025).

Destekleyen Kurum

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • 1. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–9.
  • 2. Memis Bilgin Y. Clinical effects and possible mechanisms of transfusion-related immunomodulation. IntechOpen. 2023. doi:10.5772/intechopen.107228.
  • 3. BMJ Best Practice. Transfusion reactions. BMJ Publishing Group; 2024.
  • 4. Bansal N, Raturi M, Singh C, Bansal Y. Immunological complications of blood transfusion: current insights and advances. Curr Opin Immunol. 2025;96:102617.
  • 5. Jiménez Franco DA, Pérez Velásquez CA, Rodríguez Lima DR. Mortality in critically ill patients with liberal versus restrictive transfusion thresholds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(6):2049.
  • 6. Bolcato M, Russo M, Trentino K, Isbister J, Rodriguez D, Aprile A. Patient blood management: The best approach to transfusion medicine risk management. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(4):102779. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102779.
  • 7. Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30-day mortality, surgical-site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):706–715.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.019.
  • 8. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Transfusion immunomodulation from a clinical perspective: An update. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(6):653–63. doi:10.1586/17474086.2013.850026.
  • 9. Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1317–26. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2726.
  • 10. Farmer SL, Trentino K, Hofmann A, Semmens JB, Mukhtar SA, Prosser G, et al. A programmatic approach to patient blood management – reducing transfusions and improving patient outcomes. Open Anesthesiol J. 2015;9:6–16.
  • 11. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.
  • 12. Althoff FC, Neb H, Herrmann E, Trentino KM, Vernich L, Füllenbach C, et al. Multimodal patient blood management program based on a three-pillar strategy. Ann Surg. 2019;269(5):794–804. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003095.
  • 13. Franchini M, Marano G, Veropalumbo E, Masiello F, Pati I, Candura F, et al. Patient Blood Management: A revolutionary approach to transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(3):191–195. doi:10.2450/2019.0109-19.
  • 14. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199902113400601
  • 15. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1381–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617
  • 16. Wisnawa AD, Aryabiantara IW, Senapathi TGA, Widnyana IMG. The red-cell transfusion strategy dilemma in critically ill patients in ICU: Is restrictive or liberal the answer? Acta Inform Med. 2025;33(1):71–78. doi:10.5455/aim.2025.33.71-78.,
  • 17. Benyahia S, Avila M, Coughlin E, Mahil A, Riveron A, Luo Y, Wenham R, Huang J. Impact of intraoperative blood transfusions on survival rates in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Control. 2025;32:10732748251339248.
  • 18. Ecker BL, Simmons KD, Zaheer S, et al. Blood transfusion in major abdominal surgery for malignant tumors: a trend analysis using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(6):518–525. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2015.5094.
  • 19. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–589. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2019000063.
  • 20. Mueller MM, van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, Aranko K, Murphy M, Carson JL, Seifried E. 2018 Evidence base of patient blood management – Recommendations from the First International Consensus Conference, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Blood. 2019;134(Suppl 1):4982. doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-130601.
  • 21. Wester ML, Sampon F, Olsthoorn JR, Soliman-Hamad MA, Houterman S, Maas AHEM, Roefs MM, Meesters MI, ter Woorst JFJ; on behalf of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Registration Committee of the Netherlands Heart Registration. Gender is independently associated with red blood cell and platelet transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: Data from the Netherlands Heart Registration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2024;38(4):924–930. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.12.033.
  • 22. Karafin MS, Bruhn R, Westlake M, Sullivan MT, Bialkowski W, Edgren G, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of transfusion recipients from four U.S. regions: Evidence from the REDS-III Recipient Database. Transfusion. 2017;57(12):2903–13. doi:10.1111/trf.14370.

Transfüzyon Pratiği ve Kritik Hastalarda Eritrosit Süspansiyonu: Sağkalım Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 11 , 15 - 31 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA

Öz

Giriş: Transfüzyon kararı, kritik hastalıklarda prognoz açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Hasta Kan Yönetimi (HKY) stratejileri, transfüzyon kararlarını optimize etmeyi ve immünolojik riskleri azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, tüm klinik birimlerde 30 ay boyunca gerçekleştirilen transfüzyon kayıtları analiz edilmiştir. Kırmızı kan hücresi (KKH), trombosit süspansiyonu ve taze donmuş plazma uygulamalarına ilişkin sonlanımlar değerlendirilmiştir. KKH alan hastalar, kritik riskli birimlerde (yoğun bakım, hematoloji, onkoloji ve palyatif bakım) tedavi görenler ile diğer klinik birimlerde tedavi edilenler olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Sonuçlar, takip sürecindeki sağkalım durumuna göre tanımlanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizlerde Kaplan-Meier sağkalım eğrileri, tek ve çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon ile ROC eğrisi değerlendirmesi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Toplam 1.805 hastaya 4.999 ünite KKH transfüze edilmiştir. Ekim–Aralık 2023 döneminde KKH
transfüzyonu yapılan 208 hasta ayrıntılı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Medyan 12,45 aylık takip süresinde hastaların %42,3’ünün kritik riskli birimlerde transfüzyon aldığı ve mortalite oranının %43,3 olduğu saptanmıştır. Transfüzyon öncesi ve sonrası kırmızı kan hücresi ile lenfosit sayılarının sağ kalan hastalarda anlamlı derecede daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p < 0,05). Transfüzyon yoğunluğu, malignite varlığı ve yoğun bakım yatışı mortalite artışıyla bağımsız olarak ilişkili bulunmuştur. Çok değişkenli analizde yaş, malignite ve yoğun bakım yatışının sağkalım süresinin kısalmasında önemli belirleyiciler olduğu gösterilmiştir. ROC analizi modelin güçlü performansını ortaya koymuş (AUC = 0,859) ve Kaplan-Meier eğrileri yüksek riskli alt gruplarda sağkalımın belirgin şekilde azaldığını göstermiştir.

Sonuç: Transfüzyon yükü ve immünolojik parametreler, kritik hastaların sağkalım oranlarını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu bulgular, kişiselleştirilmiş HKY stratejilerinin uygulanmasını desteklemekte ve riske göre uyarlanmış transfüzyon protokollerinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu 2025/06-2, Reference Numarası : E.7438, Tarih: Haziran 17, 2025)

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Teşekkür

-

Kaynakça

  • 1. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–9.
  • 2. Memis Bilgin Y. Clinical effects and possible mechanisms of transfusion-related immunomodulation. IntechOpen. 2023. doi:10.5772/intechopen.107228.
  • 3. BMJ Best Practice. Transfusion reactions. BMJ Publishing Group; 2024.
  • 4. Bansal N, Raturi M, Singh C, Bansal Y. Immunological complications of blood transfusion: current insights and advances. Curr Opin Immunol. 2025;96:102617.
  • 5. Jiménez Franco DA, Pérez Velásquez CA, Rodríguez Lima DR. Mortality in critically ill patients with liberal versus restrictive transfusion thresholds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(6):2049.
  • 6. Bolcato M, Russo M, Trentino K, Isbister J, Rodriguez D, Aprile A. Patient blood management: The best approach to transfusion medicine risk management. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(4):102779. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102779.
  • 7. Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30-day mortality, surgical-site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):706–715.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.019.
  • 8. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Transfusion immunomodulation from a clinical perspective: An update. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(6):653–63. doi:10.1586/17474086.2013.850026.
  • 9. Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1317–26. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2726.
  • 10. Farmer SL, Trentino K, Hofmann A, Semmens JB, Mukhtar SA, Prosser G, et al. A programmatic approach to patient blood management – reducing transfusions and improving patient outcomes. Open Anesthesiol J. 2015;9:6–16.
  • 11. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.
  • 12. Althoff FC, Neb H, Herrmann E, Trentino KM, Vernich L, Füllenbach C, et al. Multimodal patient blood management program based on a three-pillar strategy. Ann Surg. 2019;269(5):794–804. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003095.
  • 13. Franchini M, Marano G, Veropalumbo E, Masiello F, Pati I, Candura F, et al. Patient Blood Management: A revolutionary approach to transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(3):191–195. doi:10.2450/2019.0109-19.
  • 14. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(6):409–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199902113400601
  • 15. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1381–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617
  • 16. Wisnawa AD, Aryabiantara IW, Senapathi TGA, Widnyana IMG. The red-cell transfusion strategy dilemma in critically ill patients in ICU: Is restrictive or liberal the answer? Acta Inform Med. 2025;33(1):71–78. doi:10.5455/aim.2025.33.71-78.,
  • 17. Benyahia S, Avila M, Coughlin E, Mahil A, Riveron A, Luo Y, Wenham R, Huang J. Impact of intraoperative blood transfusions on survival rates in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Control. 2025;32:10732748251339248.
  • 18. Ecker BL, Simmons KD, Zaheer S, et al. Blood transfusion in major abdominal surgery for malignant tumors: a trend analysis using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(6):518–525. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2015.5094.
  • 19. Murphy MF, Palmer A. Patient blood management as the standard of care. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):583–589. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2019000063.
  • 20. Mueller MM, van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, Aranko K, Murphy M, Carson JL, Seifried E. 2018 Evidence base of patient blood management – Recommendations from the First International Consensus Conference, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Blood. 2019;134(Suppl 1):4982. doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-130601.
  • 21. Wester ML, Sampon F, Olsthoorn JR, Soliman-Hamad MA, Houterman S, Maas AHEM, Roefs MM, Meesters MI, ter Woorst JFJ; on behalf of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Registration Committee of the Netherlands Heart Registration. Gender is independently associated with red blood cell and platelet transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: Data from the Netherlands Heart Registration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2024;38(4):924–930. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.12.033.
  • 22. Karafin MS, Bruhn R, Westlake M, Sullivan MT, Bialkowski W, Edgren G, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of transfusion recipients from four U.S. regions: Evidence from the REDS-III Recipient Database. Transfusion. 2017;57(12):2903–13. doi:10.1111/trf.14370.
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği, Hemşirelik (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Derya Koyun 0000-0003-3970-2010

Fatma Söylemez 0000-0002-4558-1350

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Koyun, D., & Söylemez, F. (2026). Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11, 15-31. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
AMA 1.Koyun D, Söylemez F. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(11):15-31. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
Chicago Koyun, Derya, ve Fatma Söylemez. 2026. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 11: 15-31. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
EndNote Koyun D, Söylemez F (01 Mart 2026) Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 15–31.
IEEE [1]D. Koyun ve F. Söylemez, “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”, Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 11, ss. 15–31, Mar. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA
ISNAD Koyun, Derya - Söylemez, Fatma. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 11 (01 Mart 2026): 15-31. https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
JAMA 1.Koyun D, Söylemez F. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;:15–31.
MLA Koyun, Derya, ve Fatma Söylemez. “Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival”. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, sy 11, Mart 2026, ss. 15-31, https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA.
Vancouver 1.Derya Koyun, Fatma Söylemez. Transfusion Practice and Red Blood Cell Use in Patients in Critical Condition: Effects on Survival. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Mart 2026;(11):15-31. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA96FR65JA