Endokrin Bozucu Kimyasallar ve İlişkili Hastalıklar

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 56 - 67, 28.08.2023

Büşra Sabur Öztürk

Abstract

Endokrin Bozucu kimyasallar (EBK), endojen hormonlardan bir veya daha fazlasının etkisini taklit ederek veya inhibe ederek endokrin sistemin gelişimi ve fonksiyonunu değiştiren, ekzojen madde veya madde karışımlarıdır. Bu kimyasallar, insan, hayvan ve bitki kaynaklı (fitoöstrojenler) olabildikleri gibi, sentetik ve endüstriyel kimyasal kaynaklı da olabilmektedirler. Endokrin bozuculara maruziyet, besin, su, havadaki gazların ve partiküllerin solunması, deri ve transdermal absorpsiyon yoluyla gerçekleşmektedir. Bilinen çeşitli maruziyet kaynakları arasında, diyet, insanların EBK'lere maruz kalmasının en güçlü kaynaklarından biridir. Genel olarak, EBK’ler kardiyovasküler hastalıklar (KVH), diyabet, obezite ve metabolik sendrom gibi birçok kronik hastalıkta rol oynamaktadır. İnsan nüfusu günlük yaşamda bu tür kimyasallara her yerde maruz kalmaktadır. EBK’ler küresel bir sorun haline gelmiş olup günümüzde bu kimyasallardan tamamen korunmak olanaksızdır. Bu nedenle endokrin bozucuların sağlığımız üzerindeki etkilerini en aza indirmek için yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri önem kazanmaktadır. Bu kimyasalların hastalık yapıcı riskini minimalize etmek için yeterli ve dengeli beslenmeli, fiziksel aktivite arttırılmalı ve bol su içilmelidir. Sebze ve meyveler tüketilmeden önce iyice yıkanmalıdır. EBK'lere maruziyetin önlenmesi için acil stratejiler geliştirilmelidir. Bireysel kapasitenin ötesinde olan ve bu nedenle politika yapıcılar ve yerel yöneticiler tarafından geliştirilip uygulanması gereken başka önleyici tedbirler uygulanmalıdır. Biyoizleme ve epidemiyolojik çalışmalar dikkatli bir şekilde tasarlanmalı ve temel ve klinik bilim adamlarıyla işbirliği yapılarak yürütülmelidir.

Keywords

Endokrin Bozucu Kimyasallar, Kronik Hastalıklar, Beslenme

References

• Aksan A, Özdemir A. Endocrine disruptors. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal. 2016;3(2):1-14.
• Wuttke W, Jarry H, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Definition, classification and mechanism of action of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Hormones. 2010;9(1):9-15.
• Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2015;40(1):241-58.
• Maqbool F, Mostafalou S, Bahadar H, Abdollahi M. Review of endocrine disorders associated with environmental toxicants and possible involved mechanisms. Life Sciences. 2016;145:265-73.
• Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility. Journal of Endocrinology. 2017;233(3):R109-R29.
• Monneret C. What is an endocrine disruptor? Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2017;340(9-10):403-5.
• Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Páez S, Monteagudo C, Rivas A. Endocrine disruptors in food: impact on gut microbiota and metabolic diseases. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1158.
• Petrakis D, Vassilopoulou L, Mamoulakis C, et al. Endocrine disruptors leading to obesity and related diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(10):1282.
• González-Casanova JE, Pertuz-Cruz SL, Caicedo-Ortega NH, Rojas-Gomez DM. Adipogenesis regulation and endocrine Disruptors: Emerging ınsights in obesity. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020:7453786.
• Mezcua M, Martínez-Uroz M, Gómez-Ramos M, Gómez M, Navas J, Fernández-Alba A. Analysis of synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food: a review. Talanta. 2012;100:90-106.
• Hatch EE, Nelson JW, Stahlhut RW, Webster TF. Association of endocrine disruptors and obesity: perspectives from epidemiological studies. International Journal of Andrology. 2010;33(2):324-32.
• Nadal A, Quesada I, Tudurí E, Nogueiras R, Alonso-Magdalena P. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the regulation of energy balance. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2017;13(9):536-46.
• Bhandari R, Xiao J, Shankar A. Urinary bisphenol A and obesity in U.S. children. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013;177(11):1263-70.
• Li D-K, Miao M, Zhou Z, et al. Urine Bisphenol-A level in relation to obesity and overweight in school-age children. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65399.
• Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Laudisio D, Savastano S, Colao A. Obesogenic endocrine disruptors and obesity: myths and truths. Archives of Toxicology. 2017;91(11):3469-75.
• Tordjman K, Grinshpan L, Novack L, et al. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals among residents of a rural vegetarian/vegan community. Environment International. 2016;97:68-75.
• Velmurugan G, Ramprasath T, Gilles M, Swaminathan K, Ramasamy S. Gut microbiota, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the diabetes epidemic. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM. 2017;28(8):612-25.
• Sargis RM, Simmons RA. Environmental neglect: endocrine disruptors as underappreciated but potentially modifiable diabetes risk factors. Diabetologia. 2019;62(10):1811-22.
• Ruzzin J, Petersen R, Meugnier E, et al. Persistent organic pollutant exposure leads to insulin resistance syndrome. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(4):465-71.
• Wu H, Bertrand KA, Choi AL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a prospective analysis in the nurses' health study and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(2):153-61.
• Song Y, Chou EL, Baecker A, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, risk of type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related metabolic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes. 2016;8(4):516-32.
• Yilmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S, Kelestimur F. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2020;21(1):127-47.
• Heindel JJ, Blumberg B, Cave M, et al. Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, NY). 2017;68:3-33.
• Tudurí E, Marroqui L, Dos Santos RS, Quesada I, Fuentes E, Alonso-Magdalena P. Timing of Exposure and Bisphenol-A: Implications for Diabetes Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:648.
• Whitehead R, Guan H, Arany E, Cernea M, Yang K. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A alters mouse fetal pancreatic morphology and islet composition. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 2016;25(3):171-9.
• Alonso-Magdalena P, García-Arévalo M, Quesada I, Nadal Á. Bisphenol-A treatment during pregnancy in mice: a new window of susceptibility for the development of diabetes in mothers later in life. Endocrinology. 2015;156(5):1659-70.
• Kirkley AG, Sargis RM. Environmental endocrine disruption of energy metabolism and cardiovascular risk. Current Diabetes Reports. 2014;14(6):494.
• Fu X, Xu J, Zhang R, Yu J. The association between environmental endocrine disruptors and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2020;187:109464.
• Li Y-F, Canário AVM, Power DM, Campinho MA. Ioxynil and diethylstilbestrol disrupt vascular and heart development in zebrafish. Environment International. 2019;124:511-20.
• Lombó M, González-Rojo S, Fernández-Díez C, Herráez MP. Cardiogenesis impairment promoted by bisphenol A exposure is successfully counteracted by epigallocatechin gallate. Environmental Pollution. 2019;246:1008-19.
• Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, et al. EDC-2: the Endocrine Society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrine Reviews. 2015;36(6):E1-E150.
• Melzer D, Osborne NJ, Henley WE, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentration and risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women. Circulation. 2012;125(12):1482-90.
• Trasande L, Zoeller RT, Hass U, et al. Burden of disease and costs of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in the European Union: an updated analysis. Andrology. 2016;4(4):565-72.
• Troisi R, Titus L, Hatch EE, et al. A prospective cohort study of prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and cardiovascular disease risk. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2018;103(1):206-12.
• Desai M, Jellyman JK, Ross MG. Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Obesity. 2015;39(4):633-41.
• Hugo ER, Brandebourg TD, Woo JG, Loftus J, Alexander JW, Ben-Jonathan N. Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(12):1642-7.
• Wei J, Lin Y, Li Y, et al. Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A at Reference Dose Predisposes Offspring to Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Rats on a High-Fat Diet. Endocrinology. 2011;152(8):3049-61.
• Behr M, Oehlmann J, Wagner M. Estrogens in the daily diet: in vitro analysis indicates that estrogenic activity is omnipresent in foodstuff and infant formula. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2011;49 10:2681-8.
• Rashid H, Alqahtani S, Alshahrani S. Diet: A source of endocrine disruptors. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets. 2019;19.
• Wittassek M, Koch HM, Angerer J, Brüning T. Assessing exposure to phthalates - the human biomonitoring approach. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2011;55(1):7-31.
• Cos P, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Vanden Berghe D, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ. Phytoestrogens: recent developments. Planta Medica. 2003;69(7):589-99.
• Kaufman PB, Duke JA, Brielmann H, Boik J, Hoyt JE. A comparative survey of leguminous plants as sources of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein: implications for human nutrition and health. Journal of ALTERNATIVE and Complementary Medicine (New York, NY). 1997;3(1):7-12.
• Troisi J, Richards S, Symes S, et al. A comparative assessment of metals and phthalates in commercial tea infusions: A starting point to evaluate their tolerance limits. Food Chemistry. 2019;288:193-200.
• Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits. Jama. 2006;296(15):1885-99.
• Sakhi AK, Lillegaard IT, Voorspoels S, et al. Concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A in Norwegian foods and beverages and estimated dietary exposure in adults. Environ Int. 2014;73:259-69.
• Fierens T, Van Holderbeke M, Willems H, De Henauw S, Sioen I. Transfer of eight phthalates through the milk chain--a case study. Environ Int. 2013;51:1-7.
• Mukherjee R, Pandya P, Baxi D, Ramachandran AV. Endocrine Disruptors–‘Food’ for Thought. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 2021.
• Pacyga DC, Sathyanarayana S, Strakovsky RS. Dietary Predictors of Phthalate and Bisphenol Exposures in Pregnant Women. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md). 2019;10(5):803-15.
• Cao XL, Perez-Locas C, Dufresne G, et al. Concentrations of bisphenol A in the composite food samples from the 2008 Canadian total diet study in Quebec City and dietary intake estimates. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2011;28(6):791-8.
• Filardi T, Panimolle F, Lenzi A, Morano S. Bisphenol A and Phthalates in diet: An emerging link with pregnancy complications. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):525.
• Santonicola S, Ferrante M, Leo G, Murru N, Anastasi A, Mercogliano R. Study on endocrine disruptors levels in raw milk from cow’s farms: Risk assessment. Italian Journal of Food Safety. 2018;7.
• Dudarev AA, Chupakhin VS, Vlasov SV, Yamin-Pasternak S. Traditional diet and environmental contaminants in Coastal Chukotka II: Legacy POPs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5).
• Plotan M, Elliott CT, Frizzell C, Connolly L. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors present in sports supplements. A risk assessment for human health. Food Chemistry. 2014;159:157-65.