İklim Kaynaklı Bitkisel Sekonder Metabolit Değişimleri: Tıbbi Kalite, Standardizasyon ve Terapötik Etkinlik Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Sekonder metabolitler, bitkilerin savunma mekanizmalarını, ekolojik etkileşimlerini ve çevresel adaptasyon süreçlerini düzenleyen önemli biyokimyasal bileşiklerdir. Terpenoidler, fenolikler, alkaloidler ve poliketidler bitki–mikroorganizma ve bitki–otçul etkileşimlerinde rol oynarken farmakolojik açıdan değerli bileşiklerin kaynağını oluşturur. İklim değişikliği; sıcaklık artışı, yağış değişimleri, CO₂ yükselmesi ve UV-B radyasyonu gibi faktörlerle bitkilerin metabolit sentezini etkilemektedir. Bu derleme, iklim değişikliğinin sekonder metabolizma üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2015–2025 yılları arasında PubMed, Web of Science ve Scopus veritabanlarında yer alan çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgulara göre artan CO₂ fenolik ve flavonoidleri artırırken, sıcaklık ve kuraklık stresi ROS aracılı sinyalleşme ve MYB, bHLH, WRKY ve NAC transkripsiyon faktörleri üzerinden terpenoid ve alkaloid sentezini artırmaktadır. UV-B radyasyonu flavonoid birikimini artırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak iklim değişikliği sekonder metabolit biyosentezini önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir.

Keywords

• Sekonder metabolitler
• İklim değişikliği
• Fitokimyasal standardizasyon
• Tıbbi bitkiler
• Abiyotik stres

Climate-Driven Modulation of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Implications for Medicinal Quality, Standardization, and Therapeutic Efficacy

Abstract

Secondary metabolites are key biochemical compounds regulating plant defense mechanisms, ecological interactions, and environmental adaptation processes. Terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and polyketides play roles in plant–microbe and plant–herbivore interactions while serving as sources of pharmacologically important compounds. Climate change, including increased temperature, altered precipitation, elevated CO₂, and UV-B radiation, affects plant metabolite biosynthesis. This review aims to examine the effects of climate change on secondary metabolism. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Results show that elevated CO₂ increases phenolics and flavonoids, while heat and drought stress enhance terpenoid and alkaloid biosynthesis via ROS-mediated signaling and transcription factors including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC families. UV-B radiation also increases flavonoid accumulation. In conclusion, climate change significantly affects plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

Keywords

• Secondary metabolites
• Climate change
• Phytochemical standardization
• Medicinal plants
• Abiotic stress

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