Effect of Exercise on Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, Mitohormesis and Brown Adipose Tissue

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 506 - 519, 31.12.2024

Ebru Arslanoğlu Badem , Derya Dikmen

https://doi.org/10.25279/sak.1082615

Abstract

Depending on the exercise's type, intensity, and duration, several physiological events occur in the body. It is known that with regular exercise, there are adaptations in many tissues in the body, especially in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and as a result, the endurance capacity and sports performance of athletes increase. Along with exercise, fat tissue develops some differentiations. Together with the transformation to brown adipose tissue by increasing mitochondria amount and activity in white fat tissue, the increase in total brown fat tissue positively affects sports performance. Exercise also increases energy production and the capacity for oxygen usage. Thus by increased mitochondrial activity, an increase in oxidative stress may also occur. To prevent an increase of free radicals formed by the effect of oxidative stress and to inactivate them, an antioxidant defense system activates in the body. Usually, the adaptive response is limited against a single acute exercise and results in oxidative damage. When exercise is regular, though, it can be observed that some adaptations occur to reduce oxidative stress in the body. The process is bidirectional in regular exercise. Firstly, free radical formation and thus oxidative stress occurs. Subsequently, the antioxidant defense system activates to minimize the adverse effects of oxidative stress due to exercise. Also, recently, mitochondrial stress may provide short-term metabolic advantages and may trigger a hormetic response that provides long-term benefits on life expectancy. This response, also called mitohormesis helps increase protection against stress factors exposed to organisms and adaptation. This study aims to underline the relations between exercise and brown adipose tissue, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and consequent mitohormesis.

Keywords

Exercise, brown adipose tissue, oxidative stress, athletic performance

Egzersizin Mitokondriyal Fonksiyon, Oksidatif Stres, Mitohormesis ve Kahverengi Yağ Dokusu Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Vücutta egzersizin tipine, şiddetine ve süresine bağlı olarak belirli fizyolojik değişiklikler olmaktadır. Düzenli yapılan egzersizle birlikte yağ doku ve iskelet kası başta olmak üzere vücutta birçok dokuda adaptasyonlar olduğu ve bunun sonucunda sporcuların dayanıklılık kapasitesinin ve spor performansının arttığı bilinmektedir. Egzersizle birlikte yağ dokuda bazı farklılaşmalar olmaktadır. Beyaz yağ dokuda meydana gelen mitokondri sayısında ve aktivitesinde artışla gözlenen kahverengileşmeyle birlikte toplam kahverengi yağ dokusunun artışı spor performansını olumlu etkileyebilmektedir. Egzersiz; enerji üretimini ve oksijen kullanma kapasitesini de artırmaktadır. Artan mitokondriyal aktiviteyle birlikte oksidatif streste artış gözlenebilmektedir. Oksidatif stres etkisiyle oluşan serbest radikallerin artışını önlemek ve oluşan serbest radikalleri etkisiz hale getirebilmek için vücutta antioksidan savunma sistemi devreye girmektedir. Genellikle tek bir akut egzersize karşı oluşturulan adaptif cevap sınırlıdır ve genellikle oksidatif hasarla sonuçlanır. Egzersiz düzenli olarak yapıldığında ise vücutta oksidatif stresi azaltmak için bazı adaptasyonların geliştiği gözlenmektedir. Kronik yapılan egzersizlerde süreç çift yönlüdür. Öncelikle serbest radikal oluşumu ve bunun sonucunda oksidatif stres gözlenir. Bunun ardından egzersiz nedeniyle oluşan oksidatif stresin negatif etkilerini minimuma indirmek için vücudun antioksidan savunma sistemi devreye girer. Ayrıca son yıllarda mitokondriyal stresin kısa vadeli metabolik faydalar sağlayabileceği, artan stres direncinde ve yaşam süresinde uzun vadeli faydalar sağlayan bir hormetik yanıtı da tetikleyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Mitohormesis olarak adlandırılan bu yanıt canlının maruz kaldığı stres faktörlerine karşı korumayı artırarak adaptasyon sağlamasına yardımcı olmaktadır.
Bu derlemenin amacı egzersizin kahverengi yağ dokusu, mitokondriyal fonksiyon, oksidatif stres, buna bağlı olarak gelişen mitohormesis ile ilişkili yolakları göstermektir.

Keywords

Egzersiz, oksidatif stres, atletik performans, kahverengi yağlı doku

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır

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