Tax Disruption in the Later Umayyad Period as a Ground Force for the ‘Abbāsid Revolution

Year 2018, , 107 - 128, 18.06.2018

Öznur Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.354578

Abstract

The Umayyad Empire (661-747 CE), the first
dynasty of Islam, reigned nearly ninety years after the so-called Rāshidūn era,
was collapsed by the ʿAbbāsid Revolution (AR). After 750, the ʿAbbāsids became the new rulers of the Islamic empire through the culmination
of an orchestrated secret campaign
lasting more than thirty years and based on popular unfavourable views of the Umayyads. Although extensive research has
been carried out on the AR, there have been no studies which try to understand
the AR with reference to modern economic and Revolution
theories by focusing upon the economic dissatisfaction of the Khurāsānī mawālī who supported the Revolution. The
aim of this paper is to discuss the theory that economic disorder in Khurāsān
was an important reason for the AR, by focusing on
the taxation system in Islam and its abuse in the later Umayyad period
(685-747) as well as by evaluating modern Islamic historiography in this
perspective. 

Keywords

Zakāt, ʿUshr, Jizya, Kharāj, ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Modern Islamic Historiography

ABBÂSÎ İHTİLÂLİNE ZEMİN HAZIRLAYAN BİR ETMEN OLARAK VERGİ SİSTEMİNDEKİ BOZULMALAR VE MODERN İSLAM TARİHÇİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Abstract

İslam’daki ilk hanedan olarak Râşid Halifeler
Döneminden sonra doksan yıla yakın hüküm süren Emevî Devleti (M. 661-747),
Abbâsî İhtilâli ile yıkılmıştır. Abbâsîler otuz yılı aşkın süre boyunca
Emevîlere karşı yaygın görüşler üzerinden gizli şekilde yürüttükleri
seferberliğin sonucu olarak 750 yılından itibaren İslam devletinin yeni
yöneticileri olmuştur. Abbâsî İhtilâli üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmasına
karşın, İhtilâl’e destek veren Horasanlı mevâlînin ekonomik hoşnutsuzluklarına
odaklanıp, İhtilâl’i modern ekonomi ve ihtilâl teorileri çerçevesinde anlamaya
çalışan bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı İslam’daki vergi sistemi
ve Emevi Devleti sonlarındaki (685-747) istismarı inceleyip, modern İslam
tarihçiliğini bu perspektifte değerlendirerek, Horasan’daki ekonomik düzensizliğin
Abbâsî İhtilâli’nin önemli bir sebebi olması teorisini tartışmaktır.

Keywords

Zekat, Cizye, Haraç, Abbâsî İhtilâli, Öşür, Modern İslam Tarihçiliği

References

• Abu Yusuf. Kitabu’l-kharaj. Revised and translated by Abid Ahmad Ali and Abdul Hameed Siddiqui. Lahore : Islamic Book Centre, 1979
• Agha, S. Saleh. The Revolution which Toppled the Umayyads: Neither Arab, Nor’Abbasid. Brill, 2003.
• Al-Baladhuri. Futuh al-buldan. Translated by K. Hitti,. New Jeresy: Columbia University, 1916.
• Al- Māwardī. Al-ahkâm al-sultâniyye. Translated by Asadullah Yate. London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1996
• Al-Muqaddasī, Ahsan al-taqāsīm fī ma`rifat al-aqālīm. Translated by Basil Collins. Lebanon: Garnet, 2001.
• Amabe, Fukuzo. The Emergence of the ʿAbbasid Autocracy: The Abbasid Army, Khurasan and Adharbayjan. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 1995
• An-Nabhani, Taquiddin. The Economic System of Islam. London: Hizbu’t-Tahrir, 2004.
• Askari, H., Cumming, J. T., & Glover, M. Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East. Butterworths, 1982.
• Brinton, Crane. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1965.
• Burke, Peter. New Perspectives on Historical Writing, 2001.
• Çetin, Osman. “Horasan”. In TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. 234–241. Istanbul: 1998
• Daniel, Elton L. “Conversion of Iranians to Islam”, Iranica (1993), 229-232.
• Daniel, Elton L. The political and social history of Khurasan under Abbasid rule, 747-820. Minneapolis, Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1979.
• Daniel, Elton L. “The ´Ahl Al-Taqādum´and the Problem of the Constituency of the Abbasid Revolution in the Merv Oasıs”. Journal of Islamic Studies, no. 7 (1996), 150–179.
• Dennett, Daniel. C.. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Delhi: Jayyed Press, 1950.
• Duri, Abdu’l-aziz. Akhbar al-dawla al-'abbasiyya wa-fihi akhbar al-'Abbas wa-wuldihi. Beirut: 1971
• Duri, Abdu’l-aziz. “İslamın İlk Yıllarında Horasan’da Vergi Sistemi”, no. 22 (2010): 211–223.
• Duri, Abdu’l-aziz. Early Islamic Institutions. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011
• el-Belâzurî. Fütûhu’l-Büldân. Translation by Mustafa Fayda, İstanbul: 2012.
• Erkal, Mehmet. “Cizye”. In TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. 8: 42–45. Istanbul: TDV, 1993.
• Erkal, Mehmet. “Toprak Mahsullerinin Zekâtı: Öşür”. İslam Hukuku Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 9 (2007), 9–36.
• Fayda, Mustafa. Ömer. In TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. 178–180. Istanbul: TDV, 2007.
• Fayda, Mustafa. Hz. Ömer Zamanında Gayr-ı Müslimler (Istanbul: IFAV, 1989)
• Frye, Richard N. “The Role of Abu Muslim in the ’Abbasid Revolt”. The Muslim World, no. 37(1947), 28–38.
• Guzmán, R. M. “The ’Abbasid revolution in Central Asia and Khurāsān: an analytical study of the role of taxation, conversion, and religious groups in its genesis”. Islamic Studies, (1994): 227–252.
• Ibnu’l Esir. El Kamil fit tarih. Translated to Turkish by Beşir Eryarsoy. v.4. Istanbul: 1986.
• Katbi, Ghaida K.. Islamic Land Tax-Al-Kharaj. London: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
• Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2007.
• Lǿkkegaard, Frede. Islamic Taxation in the Classical Period. Copenhagen: Branner&Korch, 1950.
• Omar, Farouk. The Abbasid Caliphate: 132/¬¬750–170/786. Baghdad: National Printing Publishing Co, 1969.
• Özgüdenli, Osman. “İran”. In TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. 395–400. Istanbul: TDV, 2000.
• Shaban, Muhammad. A. The `Abbāsid Revolution. Cambridge: CUP Archive, 1970.
• Sharon, Moshe. Black banners from the East: The establishment of the ’Abbasid State: The incubation of a revolt. Jerusalem-Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1983.
• Fayda, Mustafa. Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of The ‘Abbasid Revolution. Jerusalem: Graph Press, 1990.
• Tabarī. The History of al-Tabarī. Albany: The State University of New York Press, 1998.
• Tuğ, Salih. “İslam Vergi Hukukunun Ortaya Çıkışı”. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, no. 7 (1961).
• Van Vloten, Gerlof. Emevi Devrinde Arab Hakimiyeti, Şia ve Mesih Akideleri Üzerine Araştırmalar, Translated by Mehmed Hatiboğlu. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1894.
• Wellhausen, Julius. The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1927.