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Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Şahit-Metinleri Olarak Testimonia Collections: Tanıtım ve Değerlendirme

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 41, 1 - 27, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.709094

Abstract

İlk Hıristiyanların sahip oldukları kutsal metinler, Hıristiyanların “Eski Ahit” tabir ettikleri metinlerdir. Yahudilerin kutsal yazıları, İncîl yazarları başta olmak üzere erken dönem Hıristiyan yazarlarını, dolayısıyla da ilk Hıristiyan teolojisini yansıtan literatürü de ciddi ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu etkinin boyutunu anlama amacı ile yürütülen çalışmalarda, Eski Ahit pasajlarının Yeni Ahit metinlerinde nasıl alıntılandığı incelenmiştir. Bu incelemelerin neticesine göre, 19. yüzyıl Kitâb-ı Mukaddes araştırmacıları, Hıristiyanlığın ilk yüzyıllarında seçili Eski Ahit pasajlarından oluşan listelerin müstakil birer kutsal metin olarak kullanıldığını iddia etmişlerdir. Buna göre, ilk Hıristiyanlar bu listelerin ihtiva ettiği pasajları, kendilerine ait belirli inançları ve ileri sürdükleri argümanları Kutsal Kitap şahitliği ile destekleme amacı ile alıntılamışlar ve bu metinlere delil statüsü atfetmişlerdir. Modern araştırmacılar bu statüyü tanımlamak için listeleri testimonia collections olarak isimlendirmişlerdir. Hatta bazı araştırmacılar bu listelerin İncîllerden önce var olduğu hipotezini öne sürmüşlerdir. Testimonia hipotezi olarak da bilinen bu iddiaya göre, testimonia koleksiyonları Hıristiyanlığın ilk kutsal metinleridir. Bu çalışmada testimonia koleksiyonlarının mahiyeti, ilgili teoriler ve bu koleksiyonların Batı literatüründe nasıl ele alındığı takdim edilecektir. Testimonia koleksiyonları hakkında yapılan ilk çalışmadan başlayarak tamamlanmış en güncel araştırmaya kadar bu hipotezin geçirmiş olduğu tarihçe sunulacak ve sonraki çalışmalar için bir temel ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

References

  • Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına göre Tevrat: Mahiyeti, Tahrifi ve Yahudi Hayatındaki Yeri. Ankara: Seba Yayınları, 1997.
  • Albl, Martin C. And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The Form and Function of the Early Christian Testimonia Collections. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Albl, Martin C. Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa: Testimonies against the Jews. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Bertaina, David. "The Development of Testimony Collections in Early Christian Apologetics With Islam". The Bible in Arab Christianity. Ed. David Thomas. 151–173. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
  • Bindely, T. Herbert. ‘Papias and the Matthean Oracles’. Church Quarterly Review 84 (1917), 31–43.
  • Burkitt, F. Crawford. The Gospel History and Its Transmission. Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1906. Credner, Karl August. Beiträge zur Einleitung in die biblischen Schriften. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1838.
  • Dodd, C. H. According to the Scriptures: The Sub-Structure of New Testament Theology. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2006.
  • Döpke, Johann Christian Karl. Hermeneutik der neutestamenctlichen Schriftsteller. Leipzing: Vogel, 1829.
  • Duygu, Zafer. İnciller Güvenilir Metinler Midir? Metodolojik ve Karşılaştırmalı Analizler. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Duygu, Zafer. İsa, Pavlus, İnciller: Hristiyanlik Neden ve Nasıl Ortaya Çıktı? İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. The Apostalic Fathers. 1–2 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. - Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Fourth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Eusebius Pamphili. The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation: Eusebius Pamphili, Ecclesiastical History, Books 1-5. çev. Roy J. Defarrari. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1953.
  • Falcetta, Alessandro. Testimonies: The Theory of James Rendel Harris in The Light of Subsequent Research. Birleşik Krallık: University of Birmingham, Doktora Tezi, 2000.
  • Falcetta, Alessandro. ‘The Testimony Research of James Rendel Harris’. Novum testamentum 45/3 (2003): 280–299.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. ‘The Use of Explicit Old Testament Quotations in Qumran Literature and in the New Testament’. New Testament Studies 7/4 (July 1961): 297–333.
  • Gibson, Margaret Dunlop. An Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles from an Eighth or Ninth Century Ms. in the Convent of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai. with a Treatise on the Triune Nature of God with Translation, from the Same Codex. London; Cambridge: C.J. Clay; University Press, 1899.
  • Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture the Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʻAbbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries). London; New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Hackenburg, Clint. An Arabic-to-English Translation of the Religious Debate between the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I and the ‘Abbāsid Caliph al-Mahdī. The United States: The Ohio State University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. Metin, Muhteva ve Kaynak Açısından Yahudi Kutsal Kitapları. Yayımlanmamış Doçentlik Çalışması. İstanbul, 1988.
  • Harnack, Adolf von. Review of Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, TLZ 15 (1890), 300.
  • Harris, J. Rendel. ‘A Tract on the Triune Nature of God’. The American Journal of Theology 5/1 (1901), 75–86.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.
  • Hatch, Edwin. Essays in Biblical Greek. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004.
  • Karrer, Martin - Schmid, Ulrich. ‘Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament and the Textual History of the Bible-The Wuppertal Research Project’. In Von Der Septuaginta Zum Neuen Testament: Textgeschichtliche Erörterungen. 155–196. Germany: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Kraft, Robert A. ‘Barnabas’ Isaiah Text and the “Testimony Book” Hypothesis’. Journal of Biblical Literature 79/4 (1960), 336–350.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Dört İncil: Yazılması, Derlenmesi, Muhtevası, Farklılıkları, Çelişkileri. Ankara: Ertem Matbaa Ltd. Şti., 1996.
  • Lake, Kirsopp, trans. The Apostolic Fathers. 1 Volume. London: Heinemann, 1912. Lindars, Barnabas. New Testament Apologetic. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.
  • Michel, Otto. Paulus und seine Bibel. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1972.
  • Prigent, Pierre. Les testimonia dans le christianisme primitif l’Epître de Barnabé I-XVI et ses sources. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1961.
  • Putman, Hans. L'église et l'islam sous Timothée I (780-823): étude sur l'église nestorienne au temps des premiers ʻAbbāsides: avec nouvelle édition et traduction du Dialogue entre Timothée et al-Mahdi. Beyrouth: Dar el-Machreq éditeurs, 1975.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. ‘The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity (c. 750)’. In Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258). Ed. S. Khalil Samir - J. S. Nielsen. 57–114. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar. The Proof from Prophecy: A Study in Justin Martyr’s Proof-Text Tradition: Text-Type, Provenance, Theological Profile. Leiden: Brill, 1987.
  • Soulen, Richard N. - Soulen, R. Kendall. Handbook of Biblical Criticism. Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
  • Stanton, Vincent Henry. The Gospels as Historical Documents: The Synoptic Gospels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906-1920.
  • Tucker, S. Ferda. ‘Kerygma’. Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception Online. Ed. C. Helmer - S. L. McKenzie. 15/136–140. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. Encyclopedia of the Bible Online.
  • Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi: Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde. Ankara: Eski Yeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Weizsäcker, Carl. Das apostolische Zeitalter der christlichen Kirche. Freiburg i.B: MohrSiebeck, 1886.
  • Wrede, William. Untersuchungen zum ersten Klemensbriefe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1891

Testimonia Collections as the Bible’s Testimonial Texts: An Introduction and Survey

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 41, 1 - 27, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.709094

Abstract

The Old Testament is certainly the first sacred text for early Christians. Jewish Holy Book influenced the Gospel writers and early Christian authors thereby affecting the early Christian theological literature. The studies investigating the scale of this influence analysed how the Old Testament passages were quoted in the New Testament. As a result of these investigations, the nineteenth-century biblical scholars argued that in the first centuries of Christianity, the lists which were composed of the selected quotations from the Old Testament were used as a sacred text independently of the Bible. According to this, the first Christians quoted biblical passages specifically to support a belief and argument with the testimony of the Bible and attributed a forensic status to these quotations. In modern studies, these lists are called testimonia collections to underline the authoritative status of these collections and, even some of the researches argued that these collections existed before the Gospels. According to this claim, known as testimonia hypothesis, testimonia collections are the first sacred texts of Christianity. In this paper, we will explain the nature of the testimonia collections, related theories, and how these collections have been studied in Western biblical literature. In this study, we aim to present the history of the testimonia hypothesis and to provide a background for future studies. [You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.] 

References

  • Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına göre Tevrat: Mahiyeti, Tahrifi ve Yahudi Hayatındaki Yeri. Ankara: Seba Yayınları, 1997.
  • Albl, Martin C. And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The Form and Function of the Early Christian Testimonia Collections. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Albl, Martin C. Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa: Testimonies against the Jews. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Bertaina, David. "The Development of Testimony Collections in Early Christian Apologetics With Islam". The Bible in Arab Christianity. Ed. David Thomas. 151–173. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
  • Bindely, T. Herbert. ‘Papias and the Matthean Oracles’. Church Quarterly Review 84 (1917), 31–43.
  • Burkitt, F. Crawford. The Gospel History and Its Transmission. Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1906. Credner, Karl August. Beiträge zur Einleitung in die biblischen Schriften. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1838.
  • Dodd, C. H. According to the Scriptures: The Sub-Structure of New Testament Theology. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2006.
  • Döpke, Johann Christian Karl. Hermeneutik der neutestamenctlichen Schriftsteller. Leipzing: Vogel, 1829.
  • Duygu, Zafer. İnciller Güvenilir Metinler Midir? Metodolojik ve Karşılaştırmalı Analizler. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Duygu, Zafer. İsa, Pavlus, İnciller: Hristiyanlik Neden ve Nasıl Ortaya Çıktı? İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. The Apostalic Fathers. 1–2 Cilt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. - Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Fourth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Eusebius Pamphili. The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation: Eusebius Pamphili, Ecclesiastical History, Books 1-5. çev. Roy J. Defarrari. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1953.
  • Falcetta, Alessandro. Testimonies: The Theory of James Rendel Harris in The Light of Subsequent Research. Birleşik Krallık: University of Birmingham, Doktora Tezi, 2000.
  • Falcetta, Alessandro. ‘The Testimony Research of James Rendel Harris’. Novum testamentum 45/3 (2003): 280–299.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. ‘The Use of Explicit Old Testament Quotations in Qumran Literature and in the New Testament’. New Testament Studies 7/4 (July 1961): 297–333.
  • Gibson, Margaret Dunlop. An Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles from an Eighth or Ninth Century Ms. in the Convent of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai. with a Treatise on the Triune Nature of God with Translation, from the Same Codex. London; Cambridge: C.J. Clay; University Press, 1899.
  • Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture the Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʻAbbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries). London; New York: Routledge, 1998.
  • Hackenburg, Clint. An Arabic-to-English Translation of the Religious Debate between the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I and the ‘Abbāsid Caliph al-Mahdī. The United States: The Ohio State University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009.
  • Harman, Ömer Faruk. Metin, Muhteva ve Kaynak Açısından Yahudi Kutsal Kitapları. Yayımlanmamış Doçentlik Çalışması. İstanbul, 1988.
  • Harnack, Adolf von. Review of Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, TLZ 15 (1890), 300.
  • Harris, J. Rendel. ‘A Tract on the Triune Nature of God’. The American Journal of Theology 5/1 (1901), 75–86.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.
  • Hatch, Edwin. Essays in Biblical Greek. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004.
  • Karrer, Martin - Schmid, Ulrich. ‘Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament and the Textual History of the Bible-The Wuppertal Research Project’. In Von Der Septuaginta Zum Neuen Testament: Textgeschichtliche Erörterungen. 155–196. Germany: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Kraft, Robert A. ‘Barnabas’ Isaiah Text and the “Testimony Book” Hypothesis’. Journal of Biblical Literature 79/4 (1960), 336–350.
  • Kuzgun, Şaban. Dört İncil: Yazılması, Derlenmesi, Muhtevası, Farklılıkları, Çelişkileri. Ankara: Ertem Matbaa Ltd. Şti., 1996.
  • Lake, Kirsopp, trans. The Apostolic Fathers. 1 Volume. London: Heinemann, 1912. Lindars, Barnabas. New Testament Apologetic. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.
  • Michel, Otto. Paulus und seine Bibel. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1972.
  • Prigent, Pierre. Les testimonia dans le christianisme primitif l’Epître de Barnabé I-XVI et ses sources. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1961.
  • Putman, Hans. L'église et l'islam sous Timothée I (780-823): étude sur l'église nestorienne au temps des premiers ʻAbbāsides: avec nouvelle édition et traduction du Dialogue entre Timothée et al-Mahdi. Beyrouth: Dar el-Machreq éditeurs, 1975.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. ‘The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity (c. 750)’. In Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258). Ed. S. Khalil Samir - J. S. Nielsen. 57–114. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar. The Proof from Prophecy: A Study in Justin Martyr’s Proof-Text Tradition: Text-Type, Provenance, Theological Profile. Leiden: Brill, 1987.
  • Soulen, Richard N. - Soulen, R. Kendall. Handbook of Biblical Criticism. Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
  • Stanton, Vincent Henry. The Gospels as Historical Documents: The Synoptic Gospels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906-1920.
  • Tucker, S. Ferda. ‘Kerygma’. Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception Online. Ed. C. Helmer - S. L. McKenzie. 15/136–140. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. Encyclopedia of the Bible Online.
  • Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi: Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde. Ankara: Eski Yeni Yayınları, 2019.
  • Weizsäcker, Carl. Das apostolische Zeitalter der christlichen Kirche. Freiburg i.B: MohrSiebeck, 1886.
  • Wrede, William. Untersuchungen zum ersten Klemensbriefe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1891
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Yücedoğru 0000-0003-4931-6148

Publication Date June 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 22 Issue: 41

Cite

ISNAD Yücedoğru, Zeynep. “Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Şahit-Metinleri Olarak Testimonia Collections: Tanıtım Ve Değerlendirme”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22/41 (June 2020), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.709094.

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