Yahudilikte Tartışmalı Bir Ritüel: Kapparot

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 44, 329 - 353, 15.12.2021

Mürsel Özalp

https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.977277

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Yahudilikte Roş ha-Şana (Yıl Başı) ile başlayıp Yom Kippur (Kefaret Günü) ile sona eren Tişri ayının ilk on günü en kutsal zaman dilimidir. Bu dönemde genellikle Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudi gruplarca (haredim) yerine getirilen dinî bir uygulama hem Yahudilik içinde hem Yahudilik dışında tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır. Bu uygulama, kişinin günahlarının sembolik olarak tavuk ya da horoz cinsinden bir kümes hayvanına yüklenerek kesilmesi ve etinin fakirlere verilmesi geleneği olan kapparot ritüelidir. Hayvan hakları, hijyen kuralları vb. argümanlar yanında asıl tartışma ne Tevrat ne de Talmud’da geçmemesi nediniyle kapparot ritüelinin köken ve dolayısıyla dini meşruiyetine ilişkindir. Bazı araştırmacılar kapparot ritüelinin mabet döneminde Azazel’e adanan günah keçisi ayininin yerine mabet sonrası dönemde ikame edilen bir ritüel veya pagan-putperest kaynaktan alınan bir adet ve uygulama olduğunu iddia eder. Öte yandan kapparot uygulaması, Roş ha-Şana’nın ilk günü bir su kaynağı yanında icra edilen bir diğer tartışmalı arınma ayini taşlih (tashlick) ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada günah keçisi ve taşlih uygulamaları bağlamında kapparot ritüelinin dini ve tarihi kökenleri ile bu ritüele yönelik itirazlar ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Dinler Tarihi, Ultra-Ortodoks Yahudilik, Roş ha-Şana, Yom Kippur, Kapparot, Taşlih, Günah keçisi

Kapparot: A Controversial Ritual in Judaism

Abstract

The first ten days of the month of Tishri (High Holidays) which begins with Rosh Hashanah (New Year) and ends with Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) are the most sacred time period in Jewish religious tradition. A religious practice, which is usually performed by Ultra-Orthodox Jewish groups (haredim), in this period, is subject to discussion both within and outside Judaism. This is the kapparot ritual, which is the tradition of symbolically attributing one’s sins to a chicken or a rooster then slaughtering it and giving it to the poors. In addition to the arguments related to animal rights, hygiene rules etc., the main issue of debate ison the origin and hence religious legitimacy of the kapparot ritual. Since It is claimed that kapparot is mentioned neither in the Torah nor in the Talmud. Some scholars claim that the kapparot practice was substituted for the scapegoat ritual devoted to Azazel during the temple period or a custom or practice taken from pagan (gentile) sources. On the other hand, the kapparot ritual is closely related to another polemical purity ritual tashlick, which is performed near a body of running water on the first day of Rosh Hashanah. This study examines the religious and historical origins of the kapparot ritual and the objections to this ritual in the context of scapegoat and tashlick practices.
[You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.]

Keywords

History of Religions, Ultra-Orthodox Judaism, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Kapparot, Tashlick, Scapegoat

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