Research Article
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A Woman Trying to Heal Her Mourning With Her Art: Käthe Kollwitz

Year 2024, Issue: 44, 32 - 40, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.47571/sanatyorum.1434321

Abstract

One of the important themes in works of art is mourning. Käthe Kollwitz is one of the most important names that come to mind when the themes of death, mourning and motherhood are mentioned in art. Kollwitz found a way to cope with the losses she experienced in many periods of her 78 years of life by producing works of art and expressing social problems. Death as a theme is a consistent motif in Käthe's art throughout her life. While struggling with her own grief and mourning and envisioning ways to depict death, Käthe also believed that she was an advocate for others struggling with their own pain. Moving in a different direction from many other female artists of her time, Kollwitz embraced the Expressionism movement and was characterized by her expressive style. Expressionism, which originalized the artist in the contexts of emotional expression, was fed by the expressionist movement and psychoanalysis. Therefore, as a result of the loss of faith in the objective reality of the 19th century, representations of inner experiences and subjective interpretations began to gain value. In this text, both the artistic and psychoanalytic interpretation of some of Käthe Kollwitz's most important works are discussed together with her life story.

Ethical Statement

The author has no conflicts of interest to declare

Supporting Institution

The author declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

  • Kurak Açıcı, F., & Bal, H. B. (2020). Göstergebilimsel analiz üzerinden tasarımı anlamak: Sallanan at üzerine. Art-Sanat, 293–312. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2020.13.0012
  • Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (2012). Psikanaliz, Freud ve sanat. Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı, 20, 1–16.
  • Bentley, C. (2017). Maternity and the self: Asocial construct in the images of Käthe Kollwitz. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(10), 908–938.
  • Clewell, T. (2004). Mourning beyond melancholia: Freud’s psychoanalysis of loss. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651040520010601
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Coulter, H. (2016). Pictures on my analyst’s walls: Reflections on the art of Käthe Kollwitz, the Nazis and the art of psychoanalysis. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 32(4), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjp.12250
  • Çelik, S., & Sayıl, I. (2003). Patolojik yas kavramı yenj bir yaklaşım: travmatik yas. Kriz Dergisi, 029–034. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000193
  • Demirel, M. R. (2016). Käthe Kollwitz’in “Tutuklular” adlı eserinin analizi. Yıldız Journal of Art and Design, 3(2), 139–152.
  • Dökeroğlu, Ö. T. (2019). Acının resmini yapmak, Käthe Kollwitz resimleri üzerinden bir bakış. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Art, 4(7), 163–178.
  • Freud, S. (1899a), “Screen memories”, In J. Strachy, & A. Freud (Eds.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume III, pp. 301-322.
  • Freud, S. (1901). Psychopathology of everyday life (A. A. Brill, Ed.).
  • Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachy, & A. Freud (Eds.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901-1905): A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (pp. 123-246). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, 14(1914-1916), 237-258.
  • Freud, S. (1964). Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. W. W. Norton.
  • Green, A. (1986). On private madness. London: Hogarth, reprinted karnac, 1997.
  • International Psychoanalytical Association. (2024). About psychoanalysis. https://www.Ipa.World/IPA/IPA_Docs/About%20Psychoanalysis.Pdf.
  • Karabulut, M. (2020). Psikanalitik bakış açısıyla sanat, sanatçı ve yazma dürtüsü. Türk Kültürü ve Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 12–19.
  • Keskin, İ. (2016). Baskı resimde alman ekspresyonizmi (dışavurumculuk) ve litografi sanatına yansımaları. Sanat Dergisi 25, 53-66.
  • Klein, M. (1937). Love, guilt and reparation. In M. Klein (Ed.), Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945 (pp. 306-343). New York: The Free Press.
  • Knafo, D. (1998). The dead mother in Käthe Kollwitz. Art Criticism, 13(2): 4-15.
  • Knafo, D. (2009). In her own image: Women’s self-representation in twentieth-century art. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
  • Mansuroğlu, A. (2022). Käthe Kollwitz’ın acıdan tutkuya evrilen belli başlı eserlerinde figür incelemesi. Sanat ve İkonografi Dergisi 3, 27-41.
  • May, R. (1986). Observations on the psychoanalytic theory of mourning. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 57(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377318609516619
  • Mentesoglu, Ç. (2021). Kadın sanatçıların gözünden resimde annelik teması. ARTS: Artuklu Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 60–80. https://doi.org/10.46372/arts.836647
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022a, August 12). Cycle »A Weavers’ Revolt«, 1893-1897. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/cycle-weavers-revolt-overview
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022b, August 12). Woman with dead Child, 1903. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/woman-with-dead-child-kn-81
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022c, August 12). The Mothers, sheet 6 of the series »War«, 1921/1922. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/sheet-6-the-mothers
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022d, August 12). Tower of Mothers, 1937/1938, bronze, Seeler 35 II.B.1. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/war-years-overview
  • Kollwitz, H. (1988). The diary and letters od Käthe Kollwitz. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Kulish, N. (2011). Book review: In her own image: Women’s self-representation in twentieth-century art. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59(3), 623–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065111410311
  • Kuru, A., Ş. (2017). I. dünya savaşı’nın sanat diline etkilerİ; Max Beckmann’ın die hölle (cehennem), Käthe Kollwitz’in Der Krieg (Savaş) baskı dosyaları. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 26(2), 395–421. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.315192
  • Lurie, A. (2021). The personal is public and political: Käthe Kollwitz’s final drawing. The Macksey Journal, 2(65).
  • Moorjani, A. (1986, December). Käthe Kollwitz on sacrifice, mourning, and reparation: An essay in psychoaesthetics. Comparative Literature , 101(5), 1110-1134.
  • Murray, A. (2020, January 30). Käthe Kollwitz: Memorialization as anti-militarist weapon. Arts, 9(1), 13-14.
  • Prelinger, E. (1992). Käthe Kollwitz. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Simidchieva, I. (2024). What Is common between psychoanalysis and art? https://Manhattanpsychoanalysis.Com/Blog-Post/Psychoanalysis-Art/.
  • Sönmez V, Alacapınar, F.G, (2016), Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Taiana, C. (2014). Mourning the dead, mourning the disappeared: The enigma of the absent–presence. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 95(6), 1087–1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745- 8315.12237
  • Terbaş, Ö. (2016). Rüyalardan gerçekliğe psikanaliz ve sanat. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Urdang, E. (2018). Art, creativity, and psychoanalysis: Perspectives from analyst-artists. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 25(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2018.1428635
  • Ward, M. S. (2004). A mother’s grief: Käthe Kollwitz descends into the marginalized.
  • Yılmaz, B., & Kırca, M. (2023). Modern sanat, imge ve pskkanaliz bağlamında gerçeklik olgusu. The Journal of Academic Social Resources, 8(45), 2025–2033. https://doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOURNAL.67542

Yasını Sanatıyla İyileştirmeye Çalışan Bir Kadın: Käthe Kollwitz

Year 2024, Issue: 44, 32 - 40, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.47571/sanatyorum.1434321

Abstract

Sanat eserlerindeki önemli temalardın birisi yastır. Sanatta, ölüm, yas ve annelik teması dendiği zaman akla gelen en önemli isimlerden birisi Käthe Kollwitz’dir. Kollwitz, 78 yıllık hayatının birçok döneminde yaşadığı kayıplarla baş edebilmenin yolunu sanat eserleri üretmekte ve toplumsal sıkıntıları anlatabilmekte bulmuştur. Bir tema olarak ölüm, Käthe'nin sanatında yaşamı boyunca tutarlı bir motif olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Käthe, bir yandan kendi kederi ve yası ile mücadele edip ölümü tasvir etmenin yollarını tasavvur ederken, kendi acılarıyla mücadele eden diğerlerinin savunucusu da olduğuna inanmaktaydı. Dönemindeki bir çok kadın sanatçıdan farklı bir yönde ilerleyen Kollwitz, expresyonizm akımını benimseyerek ses getiren ifade tarzı ile kendini gösteriyordu. Duygusal ifade bağlamlarında sanatçıyı özgünleştiren Expresyonizm, dışavurumcu hareket ve psikanalizden beslenmekteydi. Dolayısıyla 19. yüzyılın nesnel gerçekliğine karşı olan inancın yitirilmesi sonucunda içsel deneyimlerin, sübjektif yorumların temsilleri değer kazamaya başlamıştı. Bu metinde Käthe Kollwitz’in bazı önemli eserlerinin hem sanatsal hem de psikanalitik yorumu, yaşam öyküsü ile birlikte ele alınarak anlatılmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Yazar çıkar çatışması bildirmemiştir.

Supporting Institution

Yazar, bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

References

  • Kurak Açıcı, F., & Bal, H. B. (2020). Göstergebilimsel analiz üzerinden tasarımı anlamak: Sallanan at üzerine. Art-Sanat, 293–312. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2020.13.0012
  • Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (2012). Psikanaliz, Freud ve sanat. Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı, 20, 1–16.
  • Bentley, C. (2017). Maternity and the self: Asocial construct in the images of Käthe Kollwitz. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(10), 908–938.
  • Clewell, T. (2004). Mourning beyond melancholia: Freud’s psychoanalysis of loss. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651040520010601
  • Creswell, J.W. (2013) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Coulter, H. (2016). Pictures on my analyst’s walls: Reflections on the art of Käthe Kollwitz, the Nazis and the art of psychoanalysis. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 32(4), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjp.12250
  • Çelik, S., & Sayıl, I. (2003). Patolojik yas kavramı yenj bir yaklaşım: travmatik yas. Kriz Dergisi, 029–034. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000193
  • Demirel, M. R. (2016). Käthe Kollwitz’in “Tutuklular” adlı eserinin analizi. Yıldız Journal of Art and Design, 3(2), 139–152.
  • Dökeroğlu, Ö. T. (2019). Acının resmini yapmak, Käthe Kollwitz resimleri üzerinden bir bakış. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Art, 4(7), 163–178.
  • Freud, S. (1899a), “Screen memories”, In J. Strachy, & A. Freud (Eds.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume III, pp. 301-322.
  • Freud, S. (1901). Psychopathology of everyday life (A. A. Brill, Ed.).
  • Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachy, & A. Freud (Eds.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901-1905): A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (pp. 123-246). London: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, 14(1914-1916), 237-258.
  • Freud, S. (1964). Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. W. W. Norton.
  • Green, A. (1986). On private madness. London: Hogarth, reprinted karnac, 1997.
  • International Psychoanalytical Association. (2024). About psychoanalysis. https://www.Ipa.World/IPA/IPA_Docs/About%20Psychoanalysis.Pdf.
  • Karabulut, M. (2020). Psikanalitik bakış açısıyla sanat, sanatçı ve yazma dürtüsü. Türk Kültürü ve Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 12–19.
  • Keskin, İ. (2016). Baskı resimde alman ekspresyonizmi (dışavurumculuk) ve litografi sanatına yansımaları. Sanat Dergisi 25, 53-66.
  • Klein, M. (1937). Love, guilt and reparation. In M. Klein (Ed.), Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945 (pp. 306-343). New York: The Free Press.
  • Knafo, D. (1998). The dead mother in Käthe Kollwitz. Art Criticism, 13(2): 4-15.
  • Knafo, D. (2009). In her own image: Women’s self-representation in twentieth-century art. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
  • Mansuroğlu, A. (2022). Käthe Kollwitz’ın acıdan tutkuya evrilen belli başlı eserlerinde figür incelemesi. Sanat ve İkonografi Dergisi 3, 27-41.
  • May, R. (1986). Observations on the psychoanalytic theory of mourning. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 57(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377318609516619
  • Mentesoglu, Ç. (2021). Kadın sanatçıların gözünden resimde annelik teması. ARTS: Artuklu Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5, 60–80. https://doi.org/10.46372/arts.836647
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022a, August 12). Cycle »A Weavers’ Revolt«, 1893-1897. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/cycle-weavers-revolt-overview
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022b, August 12). Woman with dead Child, 1903. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/woman-with-dead-child-kn-81
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022c, August 12). The Mothers, sheet 6 of the series »War«, 1921/1922. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/sheet-6-the-mothers
  • Kollwitz, K. (2022d, August 12). Tower of Mothers, 1937/1938, bronze, Seeler 35 II.B.1. Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln. https://www.kollwitz.de/en/war-years-overview
  • Kollwitz, H. (1988). The diary and letters od Käthe Kollwitz. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Kulish, N. (2011). Book review: In her own image: Women’s self-representation in twentieth-century art. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59(3), 623–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065111410311
  • Kuru, A., Ş. (2017). I. dünya savaşı’nın sanat diline etkilerİ; Max Beckmann’ın die hölle (cehennem), Käthe Kollwitz’in Der Krieg (Savaş) baskı dosyaları. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 26(2), 395–421. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.315192
  • Lurie, A. (2021). The personal is public and political: Käthe Kollwitz’s final drawing. The Macksey Journal, 2(65).
  • Moorjani, A. (1986, December). Käthe Kollwitz on sacrifice, mourning, and reparation: An essay in psychoaesthetics. Comparative Literature , 101(5), 1110-1134.
  • Murray, A. (2020, January 30). Käthe Kollwitz: Memorialization as anti-militarist weapon. Arts, 9(1), 13-14.
  • Prelinger, E. (1992). Käthe Kollwitz. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Simidchieva, I. (2024). What Is common between psychoanalysis and art? https://Manhattanpsychoanalysis.Com/Blog-Post/Psychoanalysis-Art/.
  • Sönmez V, Alacapınar, F.G, (2016), Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Taiana, C. (2014). Mourning the dead, mourning the disappeared: The enigma of the absent–presence. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 95(6), 1087–1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745- 8315.12237
  • Terbaş, Ö. (2016). Rüyalardan gerçekliğe psikanaliz ve sanat. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Urdang, E. (2018). Art, creativity, and psychoanalysis: Perspectives from analyst-artists. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 25(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2018.1428635
  • Ward, M. S. (2004). A mother’s grief: Käthe Kollwitz descends into the marginalized.
  • Yılmaz, B., & Kırca, M. (2023). Modern sanat, imge ve pskkanaliz bağlamında gerçeklik olgusu. The Journal of Academic Social Resources, 8(45), 2025–2033. https://doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOURNAL.67542
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Fine Arts
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bengü Berkmen 0000-0002-1306-9758

Eser Keçeci Malyalı 0000-0001-8926-6515

Publication Date September 25, 2024
Submission Date February 9, 2024
Acceptance Date August 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Berkmen, B., & Keçeci Malyalı, E. (2024). Yasını Sanatıyla İyileştirmeye Çalışan Bir Kadın: Käthe Kollwitz. Sanat Ve Yorum(44), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.47571/sanatyorum.1434321

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