Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ATIK YÖNETİMİ VE SIFIR ATIK PROJESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İSTANBUL İLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 85 - 97, 12.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1224470

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul'da ikamet eden bireylerin atık yönetimi ve sıfır atık projesine yönelik algı düzeylerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışma kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tasarımda bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini, İstanbul'da ikamet eden 18 yaş ve üzeri bireyler olup, örneklem büyüklüğü, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında değişen 161 erkek ve 229 kadın olmak üzere 384 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Anketler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilen katılımcılara Google formlar ve yüz yüze görüşme yoluyla ulaştırılmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel analizlerde IBM SPSS paket programı kullanılmıştır. Medeni durum ile Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Projesi Ölçeği toplam (p<0,05), sıfır atık projesi algısı (p<0,05) ve çevresel gözlemler (p<0,05) puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. ANOVA testi sonuçlarına göre, katılımcıların yaş grupları ile çevresel gözlemler (p<0,01), sıfır atık proje algısı (p<0,05) ve kamu hizmeti yeterliliği (p<0,05) puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların eğitim durumu ile çevresel gözlemler ve kamu hizmeti yeterliliği puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0,01). Bu çalışmada bireylerin atık yönetimi ve sıfır atık projesine yönelik algı düzeyleri sosyo demografik özelliklerine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Atık yönetimindeki aksaklıkların azaltılması, toplumun bilinçlendirilmesi ve farkındalığın artırılması ile sağlanabilir. Sonuç olarak, her yaştan ve eğitim seviyesinden bireyin atık konusunda bilinçlendirilmesi elzemdir.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

  • Agbefe, L. E., Lawson, E. T. and Yirenya-Tawiah, D. (2019). Awareness on waste segregation at source and willingness to pay for collection service in selected markets in Ga West Municipality, Accra, Ghana. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(4), 905-914.
  • Ahmad, W., Kim, W. G., Anwer, Z. and Zhuang, W. (2020). Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped?. Journal of Business Research, (110), 228-236.
  • Al-Yaqout, A. F., Koushki, P. A. and Hamoda, M. F. (2002). Public opinion and siting solid waste landfills in Kuwait. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 35(4), 215-227.
  • Berber, N. ve Sarı, M. (2010). Kavramsal değişime dayalı öğretim stratejilerinin fizik dersine yönelik bazı duyuşsal özelliklerin gelişimine etkisi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 45-64.
  • Bhide, A. D. and Shekdar, AV. (1998). Solid waste management in Indian urban centers. Int. Solid Waste Assoc. (ISWA) Times, 1, 26-28.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö, E., Karadeniz., Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. 25. Baskı, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 79-100.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, (2022a). Çevresel Göstergeler. https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/kentsel---kirsal-nufus-orani-i-85670 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, (2022b). Sıfır Atık. https://sifiratik.csb.gov.tr/neden-sifiratik-i-7090 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • Department of Economic Affairs (2009). Position paper on the solid waste management sector in India. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
  • Diaz, R. and Otoma, S. (2013). Constrained recycling: a framework to reduce landfilling in developing countries. Waste Management & Research, 31(1), 23-29.
  • El Sakka, S. (2013). The awareness of environmental aspects in solving the solid waste management problems an overview on Egypt. Scientific Journal of Research and Business Studies-Helwan University, 1-26.
  • Fattahi, H., Yari, A. R., Mohammadi, M. and Almasi, A. (2019). Evaluation of people's awareness and practice of household waste management in 2017: A case study of Kermanshah, Iran. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 8(4), 225-231.
  • Ferronato, N., Torretta, V., Ragazzi, M. and Rada, E. C. (2017). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A case study of environmental contamination. UPB Sci. Bull, 79(2), 185-196.
  • Gül, M. (2020). Türkiye’de Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Projesinin Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Örneği. Karabük Üniversitesi, Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük, 2020.
  • Gül, M. ve Yaman, K. (2021), Türkiye’de atık yönetimi ve sıfır atık projesinin değerlendirilmesi: Ankara örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1267-1296, https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.870434.
  • Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Urban development series; knowledge papers no. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2022.
  • Jain, S., Singhal, S., Jain, N. K. and Bhaskar, K. (2020). Construction and demolition waste recycling: investigating the role of theory of planned behavior, institutional pressures and environmental consciousness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1-11.
  • Li, S. (2003). Recycling behavior under China’s social and economic transition: the case of metropolitan Wuhan. Environment and Behavior, 35(6), 784-801.
  • Loučanová, E. (2021). Perception of zero waste in the context to environmental ınnovation in Slovakia. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, 31(1), 22-33.
  • Maheshi, D. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of ‘open waste dump’mining in Sri Lanka. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, 67-79.
  • Ministry of Finance (2009). Position Paper on the Solid Waste Management Sector in India. Department of Economic affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
  • Nugraha, A., Sutjahjo, S. H. and Amin, A. A. (2018). Analisis persepsi dan partisipasi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga di Jakarta Selatan. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 8(1), 7-14.
  • Nyamwange, M. (1996). Public perception of strategies for increasing participation in recycling programs. The Journal of Environmental Education, 27, 19–22.
  • Öztürk, İ., Arıkan, O., Altınbaş, M., Alp, K. ve Güven, H. (2015). Katı Atık Geri Dönüşüm ve Arıtma Teknolojileri, ISBN: 978-605-9186-00-1.
  • Papargyropoulou, E., Colenbrander, S., Sudmant, A. H., Gouldson, A. and Tin, L. C. (2015). The economic case for low carbon waste management in rapidly growing cities in the developing world: The case of Palembang, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 163, 11-19.
  • Ramsar, (2012). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Background and Context to the Development of Principles and Guidance for the Planning and Management of Urban and Peri-urban Wetlands (COP11 DR11), http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/cop11/doc/cop11-doc23-e-urban.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2022.
  • Ravindra, K., Kaur, K. and Mor, S. (2015). System analysis of municipal solid waste management in Chandigarh and minimization practices for cleaner emissions. Journal of Cleaner production, 89, 251-256.
  • Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374.
  • Tartiu, V. (2011) Evaluation of attitudes and knowledge regarding municipal waste among students, Case study: Bucharest Academy of Economic studies. J. Economia. Seria Management, 14(1), 263-276.
  • Troschinetz, A.M. and Mihelcic, J. R (2009). Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries, Waste Management, 29(2), 915-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.016.
  • TÜDAM, (2016). Geri Dönüşüm Sektörü Teşvik Raporu. Erişim Adresi: http://tudam.org.tr/geri-donusum-sektoru-tesvik-raporu.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2020). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Erişim Adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2022). Haber Bülteni. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30567 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • UN-HABITAT (2010). Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities, Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities Report 2010. Earthscan, Washington, DC (2010).
  • UNDESA, (2005). Agenda 21 – Chapter 21 Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes and Sewage-related Issues, Division for Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Erişim Adresi: http://www.un-documents.net/a21-21.htm Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2022.
  • UNECE-United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2011). Climate Neutral Cities: How to Make Cities Less Energy and Carbon Intensive and More Resilient to Climatic Challenges. Erişim Adresi: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/climate.neutral.cities_e.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • UNEP, (2001). Solid Waste Management, Nepal: State of the Environment 2001, United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 97–118, 2001, Chapter 3.3. Erişim Adresi: http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/2001-State-of-Environment-Report-Nepal.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2022.
  • Uzun, N., Gilbertson, K. L., Keles, O. and Ratinen I. (2019). Environmental attitude scale for secondary school, high school and undergraduate students: validity and reliability study. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 5(1), 79-90.
  • Yadav, P. R. and Mishra, S. R. (2004) Human Ecology. N. Delhi, Discovery Publishing House.
  • Yücenur, G. N., Demirel, N. C., Ceylan, C. ve Demirel, T. (2011). Hizmet değerinin müşterilerin davranışsal niyetleri üzerindeki etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile ölçülmesi. Dogus University Journal, 12 (1), 156-168.
  • Zagozewski, R., Judd Henry, I., Nilson, S. and Bharadwaj, L. (2011) Perspectives of past and present waste disposal practices: A community based participatory research project in three Saskatchewan first nations communities. J. Environmental Health Insights, 5, 9-20.
  • Zaman, A. U. and Lehmann, S. (2013). The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a ‘zero waste city’. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 123-132.
  • ZWIA, (2004). Zero Waste Definition Adopted by Zero Waste Planning Group. Erişim Adresi: http://www.zwia.org/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=37, Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF ZERO WASTE PROJECT: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 85 - 97, 12.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1224470

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the perception levels of individuals residing in Istanbul toward waste management and zero-waste project. This study is research in cross-sectional and descriptive design. The population of the study consists of individuals aged 18 and over residing in Istanbul, and the sample size consists of 384 individuals, 161 males and 229 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 66. The questionnaires were delivered to the participants selected according to the convenience sampling method via Google forms and a face-to-face interview. All statistical analyses used the IBM SPSS package program. Marital status with Waste Management and Zero Waste Project Scale total (p<0.05), zero waste project perception (p<0.05), and environmental observations (p<0.05) statistically significant difference was found between mean scores. According to the ANOVA test results, age groups of the participants and environmental observations (p<0.01), zero waste project perception (p<0.05), and public service adequacy (p<0.05) statistically significant difference was found between mean scores. A statistically significant difference was found between the educational status of the participants, environmental observations, and public service adequacy mean scores (p<0.01). In this study, the perception levels of individuals towards waste management and zero-waste project differ according to their sociodemographic characteristics. Reducing the disruptions in waste management can be achieved by raising society's awareness and increasing awareness. As a result, it is essential to raise the awareness of individuals of all ages and education levels about waste.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Agbefe, L. E., Lawson, E. T. and Yirenya-Tawiah, D. (2019). Awareness on waste segregation at source and willingness to pay for collection service in selected markets in Ga West Municipality, Accra, Ghana. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 21(4), 905-914.
  • Ahmad, W., Kim, W. G., Anwer, Z. and Zhuang, W. (2020). Schwartz personal values, theory of planned behavior and environmental consciousness: How tourists’ visiting intentions towards eco-friendly destinations are shaped?. Journal of Business Research, (110), 228-236.
  • Al-Yaqout, A. F., Koushki, P. A. and Hamoda, M. F. (2002). Public opinion and siting solid waste landfills in Kuwait. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 35(4), 215-227.
  • Berber, N. ve Sarı, M. (2010). Kavramsal değişime dayalı öğretim stratejilerinin fizik dersine yönelik bazı duyuşsal özelliklerin gelişimine etkisi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 45-64.
  • Bhide, A. D. and Shekdar, AV. (1998). Solid waste management in Indian urban centers. Int. Solid Waste Assoc. (ISWA) Times, 1, 26-28.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö, E., Karadeniz., Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. 25. Baskı, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 79-100.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, (2022a). Çevresel Göstergeler. https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/kentsel---kirsal-nufus-orani-i-85670 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, (2022b). Sıfır Atık. https://sifiratik.csb.gov.tr/neden-sifiratik-i-7090 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • Department of Economic Affairs (2009). Position paper on the solid waste management sector in India. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
  • Diaz, R. and Otoma, S. (2013). Constrained recycling: a framework to reduce landfilling in developing countries. Waste Management & Research, 31(1), 23-29.
  • El Sakka, S. (2013). The awareness of environmental aspects in solving the solid waste management problems an overview on Egypt. Scientific Journal of Research and Business Studies-Helwan University, 1-26.
  • Fattahi, H., Yari, A. R., Mohammadi, M. and Almasi, A. (2019). Evaluation of people's awareness and practice of household waste management in 2017: A case study of Kermanshah, Iran. Archives of Hygiene Sciences, 8(4), 225-231.
  • Ferronato, N., Torretta, V., Ragazzi, M. and Rada, E. C. (2017). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A case study of environmental contamination. UPB Sci. Bull, 79(2), 185-196.
  • Gül, M. (2020). Türkiye’de Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Projesinin Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Örneği. Karabük Üniversitesi, Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük, 2020.
  • Gül, M. ve Yaman, K. (2021), Türkiye’de atık yönetimi ve sıfır atık projesinin değerlendirilmesi: Ankara örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1267-1296, https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.870434.
  • Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Urban development series; knowledge papers no. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2022.
  • Jain, S., Singhal, S., Jain, N. K. and Bhaskar, K. (2020). Construction and demolition waste recycling: investigating the role of theory of planned behavior, institutional pressures and environmental consciousness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1-11.
  • Li, S. (2003). Recycling behavior under China’s social and economic transition: the case of metropolitan Wuhan. Environment and Behavior, 35(6), 784-801.
  • Loučanová, E. (2021). Perception of zero waste in the context to environmental ınnovation in Slovakia. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, 31(1), 22-33.
  • Maheshi, D. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of ‘open waste dump’mining in Sri Lanka. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, 67-79.
  • Ministry of Finance (2009). Position Paper on the Solid Waste Management Sector in India. Department of Economic affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
  • Nugraha, A., Sutjahjo, S. H. and Amin, A. A. (2018). Analisis persepsi dan partisipasi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga di Jakarta Selatan. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 8(1), 7-14.
  • Nyamwange, M. (1996). Public perception of strategies for increasing participation in recycling programs. The Journal of Environmental Education, 27, 19–22.
  • Öztürk, İ., Arıkan, O., Altınbaş, M., Alp, K. ve Güven, H. (2015). Katı Atık Geri Dönüşüm ve Arıtma Teknolojileri, ISBN: 978-605-9186-00-1.
  • Papargyropoulou, E., Colenbrander, S., Sudmant, A. H., Gouldson, A. and Tin, L. C. (2015). The economic case for low carbon waste management in rapidly growing cities in the developing world: The case of Palembang, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 163, 11-19.
  • Ramsar, (2012). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Background and Context to the Development of Principles and Guidance for the Planning and Management of Urban and Peri-urban Wetlands (COP11 DR11), http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/cop11/doc/cop11-doc23-e-urban.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2022.
  • Ravindra, K., Kaur, K. and Mor, S. (2015). System analysis of municipal solid waste management in Chandigarh and minimization practices for cleaner emissions. Journal of Cleaner production, 89, 251-256.
  • Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374.
  • Tartiu, V. (2011) Evaluation of attitudes and knowledge regarding municipal waste among students, Case study: Bucharest Academy of Economic studies. J. Economia. Seria Management, 14(1), 263-276.
  • Troschinetz, A.M. and Mihelcic, J. R (2009). Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries, Waste Management, 29(2), 915-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.016.
  • TÜDAM, (2016). Geri Dönüşüm Sektörü Teşvik Raporu. Erişim Adresi: http://tudam.org.tr/geri-donusum-sektoru-tesvik-raporu.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2020). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Erişim Adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2022). Haber Bülteni. Erişim Adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30567 Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • UN-HABITAT (2010). Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities, Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities Report 2010. Earthscan, Washington, DC (2010).
  • UNDESA, (2005). Agenda 21 – Chapter 21 Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes and Sewage-related Issues, Division for Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Erişim Adresi: http://www.un-documents.net/a21-21.htm Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2022.
  • UNECE-United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2011). Climate Neutral Cities: How to Make Cities Less Energy and Carbon Intensive and More Resilient to Climatic Challenges. Erişim Adresi: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/climate.neutral.cities_e.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
  • UNEP, (2001). Solid Waste Management, Nepal: State of the Environment 2001, United Nations Environment Programme, pp. 97–118, 2001, Chapter 3.3. Erişim Adresi: http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/2001-State-of-Environment-Report-Nepal.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2022.
  • Uzun, N., Gilbertson, K. L., Keles, O. and Ratinen I. (2019). Environmental attitude scale for secondary school, high school and undergraduate students: validity and reliability study. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 5(1), 79-90.
  • Yadav, P. R. and Mishra, S. R. (2004) Human Ecology. N. Delhi, Discovery Publishing House.
  • Yücenur, G. N., Demirel, N. C., Ceylan, C. ve Demirel, T. (2011). Hizmet değerinin müşterilerin davranışsal niyetleri üzerindeki etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile ölçülmesi. Dogus University Journal, 12 (1), 156-168.
  • Zagozewski, R., Judd Henry, I., Nilson, S. and Bharadwaj, L. (2011) Perspectives of past and present waste disposal practices: A community based participatory research project in three Saskatchewan first nations communities. J. Environmental Health Insights, 5, 9-20.
  • Zaman, A. U. and Lehmann, S. (2013). The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a ‘zero waste city’. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 123-132.
  • ZWIA, (2004). Zero Waste Definition Adopted by Zero Waste Planning Group. Erişim Adresi: http://www.zwia.org/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=37, Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2022.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Arzu Bulut 0000-0001-7362-5667

Halil Şengül 0000-0001-5745-0369

Project Number Yok
Early Pub Date January 12, 2023
Publication Date January 12, 2023
Submission Date December 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bulut, A., & Şengül, H. (2023). ATIK YÖNETİMİ VE SIFIR ATIK PROJESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İSTANBUL İLİ ÖRNEĞİ. Sağlık Ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1224470


All works published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0 ) International License.

To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/