Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Yapay Zekaya Dair Etik Sorunlar

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 948 - 963, 08.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1189864

Abstract

Bilim kurgunun karanlık vizyonlarını bilim gerçekliğine dönüştürebilen insan-dışı zekânın etik sorunları, akıllı makineler neredeyse her yerde bulunur hale geldikçe çoğalıyor ve popüler ilgi odağı haline geliyor. İnsan-dışı zeki yapıların felsefi ve etik analizini gerektiren tematik sorunları, etik kaygıları ve sorumluluk alanlarını değerlendiren bu makalede, inovasyon hızı dikkate alınarak herhangi bir teknolojik başıboşluğun yaşanmaması adına yapay zekâ etiğinin kaçınılmazlığı vurgulanmakta ve etiğin inovasyona nasıl yerleştirileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Etik robota doğru ilerlenen şu günlerde, insanlığın ve hatta gezegenin ortak yararını hedef alarak, dönüştürücü teknoloji olarak lanse edilen yapay zekâ destekli sistemlerin, inşa edilebilmesi için etik sorunların ve etik kaygıların şimdiden açıklığa kavuşturulması gerekliliği bu makalenin konusudur. Yapay zekânın geleneksel ahlaki kavramlarımızı, etik yaklaşımlarımızı ve ahlaki teorilerimizi yeniden tanımlama potansiyeline sahip olduğuna dikkat çeken bu çalışmada, yapay zekânın gelişimi ve kullanımından kaynaklanan etik sorunlar felsefi bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca yapay zekâ etiğinin önemini, yapay zekâda etik ilkelere duyulan ihtiyacı ve kaygıları kapsayarak, alandaki güncel araştırmalardan örneklere yer vermektedir. Özellikle, yapay zekânın ortaya koyduğu bazı etik zorluklara kısa bir genel bakış sunmakta, bu alanda yakın gelecekteki düzenlemeler için birtakım zorlukların ana hatlarını çizmekte ve tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Agarwal, Sray - Mishra, Shashin. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Airenti, G. The Cognitive Basis of Anthropomorphism: From Relatedness to Empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1): 2015, 117-127.
  • Anderson, Michael. Machine Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Asada, M. Towards Artificial Empathy. Int J of Soc Robotics 7 (2015), 19-33.
  • Asimov, Isaac. Robots and Empire: The Classic Robot Novel. New York: HarperCollins, 1986.
  • Asimov, Isaac. Runaround: A Short Story. New York: Street and Smith, 1942.
  • Bostrom, Nick- Yudkowsky, Eliezer. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, eds. William Ramsey- Keith Frankish: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. Calvo, R. A. vd. Supporting Human Autonomy in AI Systems: A Framework for Ethical Enquiry. Ethics of Digital Well-Being: A Multidisciplinary Approach. ed. C. Burr- L. Floridi. Cham: Springer, 2020, 31-54.
  • CDEI. Interim Report: Review into Bias in Algorithmic Decision-Making. Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation. London, 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/interim-reports-from-the-centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation/interim-report-review-into-bias-in-algorithmic-decision-making Erişim 08 Ağustos 2022.
  • Crootof, Rebecca. The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications. 36 Cardozo L. Rev: 1837 (2015).
  • Epley, N. vd. On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism. Psychological Review 114(4) 2007, 864–886.
  • Epstein, Richard G. The Case of The Killer robot (part 2). Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 24.4 (1994), 12-32.
  • Ethical AI. Glossary, https://c3.ai/glossary/artificial-intelligence/ethical-ai/ Erişim: 10 Mayıs 2022.
  • European Commission. High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. Brussels: 2019. https://www.aepd.es/sites/default/files/2019-12/ai-ethics-guidelines.pdf Erişim: 08 Haziran 2022.
  • FA., Raso. vd. Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication: No. 6, 2018.
  • Goffi, Emmanuel R. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms. ed. Sray Agarwal-Shashin Mishra. London: Springer, 2021.
  • Grant, George. Technology and Justice. Concord, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1986.
  • Hagendorf, Thilo. The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines, Minds and Machines 30: (2020) 99- 120.
  • Harvard Business Review, “Collaborative Intelligence: Humans and AI are Joining Forces”, https://hbr.org/2018/07/collaborative-intelligence-humans-and-ai-are-joining-forces Erişim: 20 Temmuz 2022.
  • IEEE. Ethically Aligned Design- A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, USA: IEEE. 2019.
  • Jobin, A. vd. The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 1, (2019), 389-399.
  • Lawton, George. AI Ethics (AI code of ethics), TechTarget, https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/AI-code-of-ethics. Erişim: 12 Mayıs 2022.
  • Murphy, R.- Woods, D. Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics. IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(4), (2009), 14-20.
  • Picard, Rosalind. Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press: 1997.
  • R. Richardson vd. Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice. N Y Univ Law Rev Online 192. (2019) https://ssrn.com/abstract=3333423. Erişim 10 Eylül 2022.
  • Salles, Arleen vd. Anthropomorphism in AI. AJOB Neuroscience, 11:2 (2020), 88-95.
  • SHERPA, https://www.project-sherpa.eu/ Erişim: 10 Haziran 2022.
  • Sparrow, Robert. Killer Robots. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24(1), (2007). 62-77.
  • Stahl, Bernd Carsten. “Ethical Issues of AI”, Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future, (2021), 35-53.
  • Sullins, John P. “When Is a Robot a Moral Agent?”. International Review of Information Ethics Vol. 6 (12/2006), 23-30.
  • Sychev, Vasily. The Threat of Killer Robots, https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-3/threat-killer-robots Erişim: 13 Haziran 2022.
  • Topakkaya, Arslan- Eyibaş, Yağmur. Yapay Zekâ ve Etik İlişkisi. Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı: 70, (2019), 81-99.
  • Waytz, A. vd. Who Sees Human? The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science 5(3): (2010), 219-232.
  • Yalçın, Ö.N.- DiPaola, S. Modeling Empathy: Building a Link Between Affective and Cognitive Processes. Artificial Intelligence Review 53, (2020), 2983-3006.
Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 948 - 963, 08.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1189864

Abstract

References

  • Agarwal, Sray - Mishra, Shashin. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms. Switzerland: Springer, 2021.
  • Airenti, G. The Cognitive Basis of Anthropomorphism: From Relatedness to Empathy. International Journal of Social Robotics 7(1): 2015, 117-127.
  • Anderson, Michael. Machine Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Asada, M. Towards Artificial Empathy. Int J of Soc Robotics 7 (2015), 19-33.
  • Asimov, Isaac. Robots and Empire: The Classic Robot Novel. New York: HarperCollins, 1986.
  • Asimov, Isaac. Runaround: A Short Story. New York: Street and Smith, 1942.
  • Bostrom, Nick- Yudkowsky, Eliezer. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, eds. William Ramsey- Keith Frankish: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. Calvo, R. A. vd. Supporting Human Autonomy in AI Systems: A Framework for Ethical Enquiry. Ethics of Digital Well-Being: A Multidisciplinary Approach. ed. C. Burr- L. Floridi. Cham: Springer, 2020, 31-54.
  • CDEI. Interim Report: Review into Bias in Algorithmic Decision-Making. Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation. London, 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/interim-reports-from-the-centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation/interim-report-review-into-bias-in-algorithmic-decision-making Erişim 08 Ağustos 2022.
  • Crootof, Rebecca. The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications. 36 Cardozo L. Rev: 1837 (2015).
  • Epley, N. vd. On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism. Psychological Review 114(4) 2007, 864–886.
  • Epstein, Richard G. The Case of The Killer robot (part 2). Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 24.4 (1994), 12-32.
  • Ethical AI. Glossary, https://c3.ai/glossary/artificial-intelligence/ethical-ai/ Erişim: 10 Mayıs 2022.
  • European Commission. High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. Brussels: 2019. https://www.aepd.es/sites/default/files/2019-12/ai-ethics-guidelines.pdf Erişim: 08 Haziran 2022.
  • FA., Raso. vd. Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication: No. 6, 2018.
  • Goffi, Emmanuel R. Responsible AI Implementing Ethical and Unbiased Algorithms. ed. Sray Agarwal-Shashin Mishra. London: Springer, 2021.
  • Grant, George. Technology and Justice. Concord, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1986.
  • Hagendorf, Thilo. The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines, Minds and Machines 30: (2020) 99- 120.
  • Harvard Business Review, “Collaborative Intelligence: Humans and AI are Joining Forces”, https://hbr.org/2018/07/collaborative-intelligence-humans-and-ai-are-joining-forces Erişim: 20 Temmuz 2022.
  • IEEE. Ethically Aligned Design- A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, USA: IEEE. 2019.
  • Jobin, A. vd. The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 1, (2019), 389-399.
  • Lawton, George. AI Ethics (AI code of ethics), TechTarget, https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/AI-code-of-ethics. Erişim: 12 Mayıs 2022.
  • Murphy, R.- Woods, D. Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics. IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(4), (2009), 14-20.
  • Picard, Rosalind. Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press: 1997.
  • R. Richardson vd. Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice. N Y Univ Law Rev Online 192. (2019) https://ssrn.com/abstract=3333423. Erişim 10 Eylül 2022.
  • Salles, Arleen vd. Anthropomorphism in AI. AJOB Neuroscience, 11:2 (2020), 88-95.
  • SHERPA, https://www.project-sherpa.eu/ Erişim: 10 Haziran 2022.
  • Sparrow, Robert. Killer Robots. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24(1), (2007). 62-77.
  • Stahl, Bernd Carsten. “Ethical Issues of AI”, Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future, (2021), 35-53.
  • Sullins, John P. “When Is a Robot a Moral Agent?”. International Review of Information Ethics Vol. 6 (12/2006), 23-30.
  • Sychev, Vasily. The Threat of Killer Robots, https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-3/threat-killer-robots Erişim: 13 Haziran 2022.
  • Topakkaya, Arslan- Eyibaş, Yağmur. Yapay Zekâ ve Etik İlişkisi. Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı: 70, (2019), 81-99.
  • Waytz, A. vd. Who Sees Human? The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science 5(3): (2010), 219-232.
  • Yalçın, Ö.N.- DiPaola, S. Modeling Empathy: Building a Link Between Affective and Cognitive Processes. Artificial Intelligence Review 53, (2020), 2983-3006.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nazan Yeşilkaya 0000-0002-9628-3492

Publication Date January 8, 2023
Acceptance Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

ISNAD Yeşilkaya, Nazan. “Yapay Zekaya Dair Etik Sorunlar”. Şarkiyat 14/3 (January 2023), 948-963. https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1189864.

Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.
Derginin tüm içeriğine açık erişim sağlanmaktadır. Yayınlanan makaleler öncelikle İThenticate programında taranmaktadır.
Dergimizde yayınlanan makalelerin sorumluluğu yazara ait olup, tüm telif hakları Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi’ne devrolunmuştur.


27787