Phytochemical Components, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Synergistic Effects of Endemic Sideritis trojana Extract in Combination with Antibiotics on Human Pathogens

Year 2023, , 1008 - 1018, 18.10.2023

Mehzat Altun

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1261904

Abstract

In recent years, dramatically rising multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) and side effects of antibiotics lead ethnopharmacology to discover novel antimicrobials derived from plants for bacterial infections. Traditionally, decoction or infusion of the species of Sideritis has been used for the treatment of diseases such as cough, stomach, gastrointestinal, and kidney disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Sideritis trojana (S.trojana) and its synergistic potential with antibiotics against human pathogens. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Folin- Ciocalteu, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), disc diffusion, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were used for identifying phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of S.trojana alone and binary combination with selected antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. Furthermore, the combined effects of the extract with classical antibiotics were evaluated by measuring the inhibition zone diameter (IZD). The S.trojana extract showed moderate antibacterial activity with the MIC ranging between 15.625 to 500 µg/mL against human pathogens and the synergistic effect was detected in a dual combination of extract and antibiotics. The extract exhibited high antioxidant activity with a low IC50 value (0.138±0.010 mg/mL). The TPC value was 47.95±0.24 (mg GAE/g extract). After measurements of cytotoxicity were performed, S.trojana can be used alone or combined with antibiotics as an alternative therapy to eliminate pathogens and can be preferred as an antioxidant agent in the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords

S.trojana, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, synergism

References

• T. Pulingam, T. Parumasivam, A. M. Gazzali, A. M. Sulaiman, J. Y. Chee, M. Lakshmanan, C. F. Chin, K. Sudesh, “Antimicrobial resistance: Prevalence, economic burden, mechanisms of resistance and strategies to overcome”, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol 170, pp. 106103, 2022.
• S. B. Zaman, M. A. Hussain, R. Nye, V. Mehta, K. T. Mamun, N. Hossain, “A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing”, Cureus, vol. 9, pp. 1403, 2017.
• J. M. Munita, C. A. Arias, “Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance”, Microbiology Spectrum, vol.4,10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015, 2016.
• M. Huemer, S. Mairpady Shambat, S. D. Brugger, A. S. Zinkernagel, “Antibiotic resistance and persistence-Implications for human health and treatment perspectives”, European Molecular Biology Organization Reports, vol. 21, pp. 51034, 2020.
• M. E. de Kraker, A. J. Stewardson, S. Harbarth, “Will 10 Million People Die a Year due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050?”, Public Library of Science Medicine, vol. 13, e1002184, 2016.
• E. Zvezdina, J. Dayronas, I. Bochkareva, I. Zilfikarov, E. Y. Babaeva, E. Ferubko, Z. Guseynova, F. Serebryanaya, S. Kaibova, T. Ibragimov, “Members of the family Lamiaceae Lindl. as sources of medicinal plant raw materials to obtain neurotropic drugs”, Pharmacy & Pharmacology, vol. 8, pp. 4-28, 2020.
• M. Temel, R. Kara, R. Müdüroğlu, L. Akkaya, “Antibacterial Activity of Turkish Endemic Sideritis akmanii (Lamiaceae)”, Global Journal for Research Analysis, vol. 3, pp. 83-84, 2012.
• G. Topcu, A. C. Goren, T. Kilic, Y. K. Yildiz, G. Tumen, “Diterpenes from Sideritis trojana”, Natural Product Letters, vol. 16, pp. 33–37, 2002.
• E. González-Burgos, M. E. Carretero, M. P. Gómez-Serranillos, “Sideritis spp.: Uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities - A review”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 135, pp. 209-225, 2011.
• S. Abullais Saquib, A. Abdullah, N. Qahtani, I. Ahmad, S. Arora, S. Mohammed Asif, M. Ahmed Javali, N. Nisar, “Synergistic antibacterial activity of herbal extracts with antibiotics on bacteria responsible for periodontitis”, The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, vol. 15, pp. 1685-1693, 2021.
• B. Y. Kardas, M. E. Diken, H. Bayhan, M. Acar, S. Dogan, “Cytoprotective, antimutagenic/anti recombinogenic and antibacterial properties of Lallemantia iberica extracts”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2022.
• P. A. Wayne, “Materials and Methods Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)”, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing, 28th ed. M100S, CLSI, USA, vol. 38, 2018.
• S. Mandal, M. D. Mandal, N. K. Pal, K. Saha, “Synergistic anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of amoxicillin in combination with Emblica officinalis and Nymphae odorata extracts”, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 711-714, 2010.
• N. Lall, A. Chrysargyris, I. Lambrechts, B. Fibrich, A. Blom Van Staden, D. Twilley, M. N. de Canha, C. B. Oosthuizen, D. Bodiba, N. Tzortzakis, “Sideritis perfoliata (subsp. perfoliata) Nutritive Value and Its Potential Medicinal Properties”, Antioxidants, vol. 8, pp. 521, 2019.
• A. Bouyahya, N. Dakka, A. Talbaoui, A. Et-Touys, H. El-Boury, J. Abrini, Y. Bakri, “Correlation between phenological changes, chemical composition, and biological activities of the essential oil from Moroccan endemic Oregano (Origanum compactum Benth)”, Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 108, pp. 729-737, 2017.
• I. Jeremic, S. Petricevic, V. Tadic, D. Petrovic, J. Tosic, Z. Stanojevic, M. Petronijevic, S. Vidicevic, V. Trajkovic, A. Isakovic, “Effects of Sideritis scardica extract on glucose tolerance, triglyceride levels and markers of oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats”, Planta Medica, vol. 85, pp. 465–472, 2019.
• O. Sagdic, A. Aksoy, G. Ozkan, L. Ekici, S. Albayrak, “Biological activities of the extracts of two endemic Sideritis species in Turkey”, Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, vol. 9, pp. 80–84, 2008.
• A. Ugur, O. Varol, O. Ceylan, “Antibacterial Activity of Sideritis curvidens and Sideritis lanata from Turkey”, Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 43, pp. 47–52, 2005.
• M. T. Charami, D. Lazari, A. Karioti, H. Skaltsa, D. Hadjipavlou-Litina, C. Souleles, “Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of Sideritis perfoliata subsp. perfoliata (Lamiaceae)”, Phytotherapy Research, vol. 22, pp. 450–454, 2008.
• T. M. Karpinski, “Essential oils of Lamiaceae family plants as antifungals”, Biomolecules, vol. 10, pp. 103, 2020.
• Z. Tunalier, M. Kosar, N. Ozturk, K. H. C. Baser, H. Duman, N. Kirimer, “Antioxidant Properties and Phenolic Composition of Sideritis Species”, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 40, pp. 206-210, 2004.
• A. Koutsaviti, I. Bazos, M. Milenkovi´c, M. Pavlovi´c-Drobac, O. Tzakou, “Antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of five Sideritis taxa of Empedoclia and Hesiodia sect. from Greece”, Records of Natural Products, vol. 7, pp. 6–14, 2013.
• N. Kirimer, N. Tabanca, T. Ozek, G. Tumen, K. H. Baser, “Essential oils of annual Sideritis species growing in Turkey”, Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 38, pp. 106-111, 2000.
• A. B. Trendafilova, M. N. Todorova, L. N. Evstatieva, D. V. Antonova, “Variability in the Essential-Oil Composition of Sideritis scardica Griseb. from Native Bulgarian Populations”, Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol. 10, pp. 484–492, 2013.
• M. Kara, H. Sahin, H. Turumtay, S. Dinc, A. Gumuscu, “The phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of tea with different parts of Sideritis condensate at different steeping conditions”, Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 2, pp. 258–262, 2014.
• A. Gokbulut, A. N. Yazgan, H. Duman, B. S.Yilmaz, “Evaluation of the antioxidant potential and Chlorogenic acid contents of three endemic Sideritis taxa from Turkey”, Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 42, pp. 81-86, 2017.
• Z. O. Sagir, S. Carikci, T. Kilic, A. C. Goren, “Metabolic profile and biological activity of Sideritis brevibracteata PH Davis endemic to Turkey”, International Journal of Food Properties, vol. 20, pp. 2994–3005, 2017.
• C. Sarikurkcu, M. Locatelli, A. Mocan, G. Zengin, B. Kirkan, “Phenolic Profile and Bioactivities of Sideritis perfoliata L.: The Plant, Its Most Active Extract, and Its Broad Biological Properties”, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 10, pp. 1642, 2020.
• R. Ariduru, G. Arabaci, “Determination of antioxidant activities in fresh liver (salvia officinalis) plant”, Sakarya University Journal of Science, vol. 17, pp. 241-246, 2013.
• D. Stagos, N. Portesis, C. Spanou, D. Mossialos, N. Aligiannis, E. Chaita, C. Panagoulis, E. Reri, L. Skaltsounis, A. M. Tsatsakis, D. Kouretas, “Correlation of total polyphenolic content with antioxidant and antibacterial activity of 24 extracts from Greek domestic Lamiaceae species”, Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 50, pp. 4115-4124, 2012.
• K. Lytra, E. M. Tomou, A. Chrysargyris, M. D. Christofi, P. Miltiadous, N. Tzortzakis, H. Skaltsa, “Bio-Guided Investigation of Sideritis cypria Methanol Extract Driven by in Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Assays”, Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol. 18, pp. 2000966, 2021.
• C. Dincer, I. Tontul, I. B. Cam, K. S. Ozdemir, A. Topuz, H. Ş. Nadeem, R. S. Gokturk, “Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia tomentosa Miller: Effects of cultivation, harvesting year, and storage”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 37, pp. 561–567, 2013.
• A. Basile, F. Senatore, R. Gargano, S. Sorbo, M. Del Pezzo, A. Lavitola, A. Ritieni, M. Bruno, D. Spatuzzi, D. Rigano, M. L. Vuotto, “Antibacterial and antioxidant activities in Sideritis italica (Miller) Greuter et Burdet essential oils”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 107, pp. 240–248, 2006.
• T. Askun, G. Tumen, F. Satil, M. Ates, “Characterization of the phenolic composition and antimicrobial activities of Turkish medicinal plants”, Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 47, pp. 563–571, 2009.
• A. P. S. A. Da Silva, L. C. Nascimento Da Silva, C. S. Martins Da Fonseca, J. M. de Araújo, M. T. dos Santos Correia, M. da Silva Cavalcanti, V. L. de Menezes Lima, “Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of organic extracts from Cleome spinosa Jaqc”, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 7, pp. 1–10, 2016.
• A. Bouymajane, F. R. Filali, Y. O. El Majdoub, M. Ouadik, R. Abdelilah, E. Cavò, N. Miceli, M. F. Taviano, L. Mondello, F. Cacciola, “Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Aerial Parts of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis, Mentha suaveolens and Sideritis incana from Morocco”, Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol. 19, pp. 202101018, 2022.
• N. Kirimer, B. Demirci, G. Işcan, K. H. C. Başer, H. Duman, “Composition of the essential oils of two Sideritis species from Turkey and antimicrobial activity”, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 44, pp. 121-123, 2008.
• H. Kırmızıbekmez, E. Arıburnu, M. Masullo, M. Festa, A. Capasso, E. Yeşilada, S. Piacente, “Iridoid, phenylethanoid and flavonoid glycosides from Sideritis trojana”, Fitoterapia, vol. 83, pp. 130-136, 2012.
• S. Mandal, M. D. Mandal, N. K. Pal, “Enhancing chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in vitro activity by Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi”, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 220-224, 2012.