An experimental and comparative study of the self-loosening of bolted-joints under cyclic transverse loading

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 498 - 512, 15.04.2021

Umut İnce , Mustafa Güden

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.765481

Abstract

The capabilities of analytic models in predicting the experimental critical displacements of the self-loosening of bolted-joints were investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental loosening rates were determined in a Junker test bench at a constant transverse displacement amplitude (0.45 mm) and under varying initial clamp force and clamp length and controlled bearing and thread friction coefficients. The analytic critical displacements were then calculated using experimental parameters. In addition, a three-dimensional accompanying finite element (FE) model was developed in order to calculate the ratio of spring constants engaging the thread to spring. The results showed relatively low capabilities of present analytic model in the prediction of the critical displacements of the self-loosening of bolted-joints. The efforts to modify the nut reaction moment and the inclination compliance of bolt head portion in the investigated equations however resulted moderate increase in the correct predictions. On the other side, the use of the reaction moment determined by FE model increased the correct prediction from 58.3 to 73.4%. The accuracy of the equations was further increased by the use of an appropriate kw value, but the increase in this case was only ~4%.

Keywords

bolted-joints, self-loosening, numerical simulation, Junker test, analytic model

References

• [1] (1999, March of 3rd). Aviation Safety Network - Accident Description. Available: https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990224-0
• [2] W. M. Evans, "United States Air Force Aircraft Accident Investigation Board Report," 2015.
• [3] R. A. I. Branch, "Rail Accident Report - Derailment at Grayrigg," 2011.
• [4] J. Goodier and R. Sweeney, "Loosening by vibration of threaded fastenings," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 67, pp. 798-802, 1945.
• [5] J. Sauer, D. Lemmon, and E. Lynn, "Bolts: How to prevent their loosening," Machine Design, vol. 22, pp. 133-139, 1950.
• [6] S. C. Gambrell, "Why bolts loosen?," Machine Design, vol. 40, pp. 163-167, 1968.
• [7] G. H. Junker, "New Criteria for Self-Loosening of Fasteners Under Vibration," SAE Transactions, vol. 78, pp. 314-335, 1969.
• [8] "DIN 65151:2002-08 Aerospace series - Dynamic testing of the locking characteristics of fasteners under transverse loading conditions (vibration test)," ed. 2002-08, 2002.
• [9] "DIN 25201-1:2015-12 Design guide for railway vehicles and their components " in Bolted joints - Part 4: Securing of bolted joints ed, 2015.
• [10] R. J. Finkelston, "How much shake can bolted joints take," Machine Design, vol. 44, pp. 122-128, 1972.
• [11] A. Yamamoto and S. Kasei, "Investigation on the self loosening of threaded fasteners under transverse vibration - A solution for self-loosening mechanism," Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 470-475, 1977.
• [12] A. Yamamoto and S. Kasei, "A solution for self-loosening mechanism of threaded fasteners under transverse vibration," Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, vol. 18, pp. 261-266, 1984.
• [13] S. Izumi, T. Yokoyama, A. Iwasaki, and S. Sakai, "Three-dimensional finite element analysis of tightening and loosening mechanism of threaded fastener," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 12, pp. 604-615, Aug 2005.
• [14] M. Nakamura, T. Hattori, S. Tsujimoto, and T. Umeki, "Estimation of back-off loosening limit for bolted joints under transverse cyclic loading," Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 67, pp. 2976-3056, 2001.
• [15] Araki.H and Pereyra.J., "Safely Secure Fasteners in Critical Applications," presented at the 2014 FAA Worldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference, Galloway, New Jersey, USA, 2014.
• [16] R. Friede and J. Lange, "Loss of Preload in Bolted Connections Due to Embedding and Self Loosening," presented at the Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, Rio, Brazil., 2010.
• [17] S. A. Nassar and B. A. Housari, "Study of the effect of hole clearance and thread fit on the self-loosening of threaded fasteners," Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 129, pp. 586-594, Jun 2007.
• [18] B. A. Housari and S. A. Nassar, "Effect of thread and bearing friction coefficients on the vibration-induced loosening of threaded fasteners," Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transactions of the Asme, vol. 129, pp. 484-494, Aug 2007.
• [19] S. A. Nassar and B. A. Housari, "Effect of thread pitch and initial tension on the self-loosening of threaded fasteners," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology-Transactions of the Asme, vol. 128, pp. 590-598, Nov 2006.
• [20] S. A. Nassar, B. A. Housari, and Asme, Self-loosening of threaded fasteners due to cyclic transverse loads vol. 2. New York: Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2005.
• [21] T. Yokoyama, S. Izumi, S. Sakai, and Asme, ANALYTICAL MODELING OF THE TRANSVERSE LOAD-DISPLACEMENT RELATION OF A BOLTED JOINT WITH CONSIDERATION OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR ON CONTACT SURFACES. New York: Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2009.
• [22] D. Yasui, T. Fukuoka, and M. Nomura, "Finite Element Analysis of Loosening Phenomena of Bolted Joints with Washers," The Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch, vol. 2018.93, p. 417, 09/25 2018.
• [23] S. Borawake and S. Naik, "An Investigation of Loosening Phenomenon in Bolted Joint by Finite Element Method," SSRN Electronic Journal, 01/01 2018.
• [24] M. Zhang, D. Zeng, L. Lu, Y. Zhang, and J. Xu, "Finite element modeling and experimental validation of bolt loosening due to thread wear under transverse cyclic loading," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 104, 05/01 2019.
• [25] V. Rafik, C. Bertrand, A. Daidié, and C. Chirol, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Self-loosening of a Bolted Assembly. Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing II, 2019.
• [26] "DIN EN ISO 4017 "Fasteners – Hexagon head screws – Product grades A and B", 2015/05," ed, 2015.
• [27] "DIN 934 "Hexagon nuts ,with metric coarse and fine pitch thread ,product grades A and B", 1987/10.," ed, 1987.
• [28] "ISO 898-1 "Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel Part 1:Bolts, screws and studs with specified property classes — Coarse thread and fine pitch thread", 2013/01.," ed, 2013.
• [29] "ISO 898-2 “Mechanische Eigenschaften von Verbindungselementen aus Kohlenstoffstahl und legiertem Stahl – Teil 2: Muttern mit festgelegten Festigkeitsklassen – Regelgewinde und Feingewinde”, 2012/08.," ed, 2012.
• [30] "DIN EN ISO 16047:2013-01 Fasteners - Torque/clamp force testing ", ed, 2013.
• [31] "DIN 13-1:1999-11 ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 1: Nominal sizes for coarse pitch threads; nominal diameter from 1 mm to 68 mm " 1999.
• [32] N. Nishimura, T. Hattori, M. Yamashita, and N. Hayakawa, "Self loosening behavior of metal thread joints under transverse cyclic loading," in Engineering Plasticity and Its Applications from Nanoscale to Macroscale, Pts 1 and 2. vol. 340-341, N. Ohno and T. Uehara, Eds., ed Stafa-Zurich: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2007, pp. 1467-1472.