Modeling and Analysis of Battery Thermal Control in a Geostationary Satellite

Year 2022, Volume: 26 Issue: 4, 666 - 676, 31.08.2022

Murat Bulut , Nedim Sözbir

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1069404

Abstract

Battery technology has been used for geostationary satellites since the first satellite sputnik-1 was launched in 1957. The majority of larger geostationary satellite’s lives range from 7 to 15 years. During the lifetime of satellites, the batteries used must complete 1000 to 33000 cycles without any problems or likelihood of maintenance. There are three battery technologies, Li-ion, Ni-H2 and Ni-Cd, that are well proven for Geostationary satellite applications. Energy density, lifetime, weight, ampere-hour capacity, depth of discharge, ruggedness and recharge-ability, battery management, thermal management, and self-discharge are main parameters that should be considered when comparing electrical and thermal performance of these three battery technologies. The purpose of this study is to compare the thermal control system for these three batteries for three-axis stabilized geostationary satellites. In particular, the thermal dissipation was compared, which is the temperature range required for battery operation. Thermal analysis was performed for Li-ion batteries using ThermXL software, and showed a temperature results variation ranging between 10.9 oC and 32.7 oC. The temperature during the battery module was not greater that its qualification temperature results.

Keywords

battery, geostationary satellite, thermal control, Li-ion, Ni-H2, Ni-Cd

References

• [1] T. Ormston, V.D.Tran, M. Denis, N. Mardle and B. Khoshnevis, “Lithium ion battery management strategies for european space operations centre missions,” in SpaceOps Conferences, 5-9 May 2014, Pasadena, CA, A.I.of Aeronautics and Astronautics, eds., European Space Operations Center, may 2014.
• [2] M. R. Patel, “Spacecraft power systems,” Florida, CRC, 2005.
• [3] L. Honglin, L. Sanchez, W. Qiang, X. Jie, Y. Wentao, H. Zhi, Z. Xuan, “Lithium-Ion battery flight experience return on China large GEO communication satellite,” 2019 European Space Power Conference (ESPC), Juan-les-Pins, France, 30 September- 4 October 2019.
• [4] D. Linden, T. B. Reddy, “Handbook of batteries,” 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
• [5] M.J. Milden, B. Khoshnevis, “State of the art: Aerospace batteries,” AIAA paper 96-0125, January 1996.
• [6] A.N. Nelson, “Spacecraft battery technology,” Via Satellite, February, 1999.
• [7] T. P. Barrera, M. L. Wasz, “Spacecraft li-Iion battery power system state-of-practice: A critical review,” AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum July 9-11, 2018, Cincinnati, Ohio 2018 International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference.
• [8] G. Dudley, J. Verniolle, “Secondary lithium batteries for spacecraft,” ESA Bulletin, No. 9, pp. 50–54, May 1997.
• [9] “Proper care of NiCd battery back,” RAE Systems [online database], URL: http://www.raesystem.com, TN-145.
• [10] B. McKissock, P. Loyselle, E. Vogel, “Guidelines on lithium-ion battery use in space applications,” Technical Report NASA/TM-2009-215751 NESC-RP-08-75/06-069-I; NASA, Glenn Research Center: Cleveland, OH, USA, May 2009.
• [11] G.J. Dudley, “Lithium-ion batteries for space,” Proceedings of the Fifth European Space Power Conference, Tarragona, Spain, 21-25 September 1998.
• [12] Y.Borthomieu, “Satellite Li-ion batteries,” Advances and Applications, pp. 311-344, 2014.
• [13] S. Demirel, E. Sanli, M. Gokten, A.F.Yagli, S. Gulgonul, “Properties and performance comparison of electrical power sub-system on TUSAT communication satellite,” In: 2012 IEEE first AESS European conference on satellite communications (ESTEL 2012), Rome, Italy, 2-5 October 2012.
• [14] H. Vaidyanathan, G. Rao, “Electrical and thermal characteristics of lithium-ion cells,” 14th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, pp. 79-84, 1999.
• [15] M.C. Smart, B.V. Ratnakumar, R.C. Ewell, S. Surampudi, F.J. Puglia, R. Gitzendanner, “The use of lithium-ion batteries for JPL’s Mars Missions,” Electrochimica Acta, vol.268, pp. 27-40, 2018.
• [16] S. Yayathi, W. Walker, D. Doughty, H. Ardebili, “Energy distributions exhibited during thermal runaway of commercial lithium ion batteries used for human spaceflight applications,” Journal of Power Sources, vol.329, pp. 197-206, 2016.
• [17] C. Tatard, “Li-ion battery for Geo satellites,” Proceedings of the 21th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit, 2003.
• [18] M.M. Kim, K.S. Ma, Y.C. Lim, J.D. Lee, “Development of Lithium-Ion based onboard battery for space launch vehicle,” Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, vol.35, no. 4, pp. 363-368, 2007.
• [20] M.J. Isaacson, M.E. Daman, “Li-ion batteries for space applications,” Proceedings of the 32th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1997.
• [21] J. Miao, Q. Zhong, Q. Zhao, X. Zhao, “Spacecraft thermal control technologies,” Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Beijing, China, 2021.
• [22] S. Demirel, “Modelling and analyses of electrical power system of communication satellites,” Sakarya University, Institute of Natural Sciences, PhD dissertation, 2017.
• [23] C.A. Hill, “Satellite battery technology- A tutorial and overview,” 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, Snowmass, Co, USA, 28 March 1998.
• [24] S.V. Martinez, E.M. Filho, L.O. Seman, E.A. Bezarra, V.D.P.Nicolau, R.G. Overjero, V.R.Q.Leithardt, “An integrated thermal-electrical model for simulations of battery behavir in cubesats,” Applied Sciences, vol.11, no. 4, 1554, 2021.
• [25] S. Wang, Y. Li, Y.Z Li, Y. Mao, Y. Zhang, M. Zhong, “A forced gas cooling circle packaging with liquid cooling plate for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries under space environment,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.123, pp. 929-939, 2017.
• [26] A. Megahed, A. El-Dib, “Thermal design and analysis for battery module for a remote sensing satellite,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol.44, no.4, pp. 920-926, July-August 2007.
• [27] E.W. Grob, D.R. Chalmers, C.W. Bennett “Thermal design and verification of the EOS-AM1 nickel hydrogen batteries,” Proceedings of the 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC-97), Honolulu, HI, July 27- August 02, 1997.
• [28] A. Boudjemai, R. Hocine, M.N. Sweeting, “Thermal analysis of the Alsat-1 satellite battery pack sub assembly into the honeycomb,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Control, Engineering&Information Technology (CEIT), Tlemcen, Algeria, 25-27 May 2015.
• [29] C. Lurie, “Evaluation of lithium ion cells for space appications,” Proceedings of the 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC-97), Honolulu, HI, July 27- August 02, 1997.
• [30] J. C. Koo, S. K. Lee, S. W. Ra, “Lithium-ion battery design for the hybrid satellite in the geostationary orbit,” In Proceedings of the INTELEC 2009- 31st International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Incheon, Korea, 18-22 October 2009.
• [31] M. Bulut, S. Demirel, N. Sozbir, S. Gulgonul, “Battery thermal design conception of Turkish satellite,” 6th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC), Cleveland, Ohio, 28-30 July 2008.
• [32] M. Bulut, S. Demirel, N. Sozbir, S. Gulgonul, “Electrical and thermal properties and performance comparison of li-Ion, NiH2 and NiCD batteries for geostationary satellite’s applications,” 8. Ankara International Aerospace Conference, Ankara, 10-12 September 2015.
• [33] H. Sundu, N. Döner, “Detailed thermal design and control of an observation satellite in Low Earth Orbit,” European Mechanical Science, vol. 4, no.4, pp. 171-178, 2020.
• [34] K. E. Boushon, “Thermal analysis and control of small satellites in Low Earth Orbit,” Masters Theses, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2018.
• [35] A. Elweteedy, A. Elmaihy and A. Elhefnawy, “Small satellite operational phase thermal analysis and design: a comparative study,” INCAS Bulletin, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 59–74, 2021.
• [36] A. Elhefnawy, A. Elweteedy, “Thermal anlaysis of a small satellite in post-mission phase,” Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMET), vol. 6, no.2, pp. 9495-9504, 2019.
• [37] “Spacecraft design structure and operation,” Air University Space Primer [online database], URL: http://space.au.af.mil/primer/spacecraft_design_structure_ops.pdf [cited August 2003].
• [38] L. Bailin, L. Xiufeng, Z. Zuokin, “Influence analysis of lithium-ion battery configuration outside the east/west panel on GEO satellite platform,” Chine Space Science and Technology, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 75–81, Dec.25, 2017.
• [39] M. Ya, W. Bingxin, M. Shangde, G. Rui, X. Jingying, W. Ke, “Thermal behavior of Lithium Ion battery for SAR satellites,” 2021 2nd China International SAR Symposium (CISS), Shanghai, China, 3-5 November 2021.
• [40] J.C. Hal, Space Systems/Loral, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, U.S. Patent Application for a “Lithium ion satellite battery charge control circuit,” Patent Number. 6,034,506, filed 16 Jan. 1998.
• [41] J.H. Saleh, D. E. Hastings, D. J. Newman, “Spacecraft design lifetime,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 39, no. 2, March-April 2002.
• [42] M. Zahran, A. Atef, “Electrical and thermal properties of NiCd battery for low earth orbit satellite’s applications,” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Power Systems, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 122-130, 2006.
• [43] D.G. Gilmore, “Spacecraft thermal control handbook volume I: Fundamental technologies,” 2nd ed., The Aerospace Press, California, 2002.
• [44] Saft Space & Defense Division https:// www.saftbatteries.com(accessed 9/11/2021).
• [45] S. Suresha, G.S. Gupta, R.A. Katti, “Thermal sensitivity analysis of spacecraft battery,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 384–390, 1997.
• [46] N. Sozbir, M. Bulut, “Thermal control of CM and SM panels for Turkish satellite,” 6th SAE 39th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 12-16, 2009.
• [47] J. Wertz, W. Larson, “Space mission analysis and design,” 3rd ed., Microcosm Press, Torrence, CA, and Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 428-458, 1999.
• [48] M. Bulut, A. Kahriman, N. Sozbir, “Design and analysis for thermal control system of nanosatellite,” ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2010), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 12-18 November 2010.
• [49] B. A. Moffitt, “Predictive thermal analysis of the combat sentinel satellite test article,” Utah State University, MSc. 2003.
• [50] M. Bulut, “Thermal design, analysis, and testing of the first Turkish 3U communication CubeSat in low earth orbit,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 143, pp. 4341–4353, 2021.
• [51] M. Bulut, N. Sözbir, “Thermal design, analysis, and test validation of TURKSAT-3USAT satellite,” Journal of Thermal Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 468–482, March 2021.
• [52] A. Magehed, A. El-Dib, “Thermal design and analysis for battery module for a remote sensing satellite,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 920–926, 2007.
• [53] B. Gebhart, “Surface temperature calculations in radiant surroundings of arbitrary complexity - for gray, diffuse radiation,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 3, no.4, pp. 341-346, 1961.
• [54] M. Bulut, “Thermal simulation software based on excel for spacecraft application,” Selcuk University Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 592–600, 2018.