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Evaluation of Depression and Fatigue Levels of Women in Postpartum Period

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 73 - 80, 30.08.2020

Abstract

Introduction: Postpartum period consists of the first one-year period with many changes especially physical and emotional. Women may have some troubles coping with the difficulties they face during this period. Two of these difficulties are depression and fatigue.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency risk of depression in postpartum women, and evaluate some factors considered to be associated with depression and fatigue.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 509 women who gave birth at a maternity and pediatric hospital in a city center between 01 December 2008 and 31 January 2009. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was used to evaluate the risk of postpartum depression. Postpartum fatigue was evaluated by the Multidimensional Fatigue Evaluation Scale.

Results: The frequency of postpartum depression risk of women was found to be 27.7%. Postpartum depression scores were higher in women who didn’t work in an income generating job, had a poor family income, had a abortion history, and had any health problems in the postpartum period (p<0.05). During last pregnancy, it was determined that it revealed negative relationship between body weight increase and risk of depression (p<0.05). The average scores that women with risk of depression received from all the dimensions of multi-dimensional assessment of fatigue were higher than those without (p<0.001).


Conclusion:
The results of this study show that the levels of depression risk in women in postpartum period are quite high and there is a positive relationship between the risk of depression and fatigue. It will be useful to evaluate depression and fatigue in the postpartum period, to direct those who are depressed to health centers to provide definitive diagnosis and treatment, and to train about depression and fatigue methods.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th. Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Beck, C.T., & Indman, P.(2005).The many faces of postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 34(5), 569–576. doi: 10.1177/0884217505279995
  • Bozoky, I., & Corwin, E.J. (2002). Fatigue as a predictor of postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 31(4), 436–443. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00066.x.
  • Corwin, E., & Arbour, M. (2007). Postpartum fatigue and evidence based interventions. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing. 32(4), 215-219. doi:10.1097/01.NMC.0000281959.71454.e5
  • Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression development of the 10 item Edinburg Postnatal Depresssion Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782-786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
  • Demir, S., Şentürk, M.B., Çakmak, Y., & Altay, M. (2016). Postpartum depression and associated factors in patients who admitted to our clinic to make child birth. Haseki Tip Bülteni, 54(2), 83–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/haseki.2856
  • Dönmez, A., ve Karaçam, Z. (2017). Annenin duygusal iyiliği: Jean Ball’ın Deck-Chair (Şezlong) teorisi. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 27(1), 7-12. doi: 10.5222/terh.2017.007
  • Efe, Ş.Y., Taşkın, L., & Eroğlu, K. (2009). Postnatal depression and effecting factors in Turkey. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association, 10(1), 14-20.
  • Engindeniz, A.N., Kuey, L.,& Kultur, S. (1996). A study for validity and reliability of Turkish version of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale according to Turkish version. In Book of Annual Meeting of Psychiatric Association of Turkey. (pp.51-52). Ankara: Turkish Psychiatric Association Press.
  • Andrews-Fike, C. (1999). A review of postpartum depression. The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1(1), 9-14. doi: 10.4088/pcc.v01n0103
  • Goyal, D., Gay, C., & Lee, K.A. (2010). How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive dymptoms in first time mothers? Women’s Health Issues, 20(2), 96–104. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2009.11.003
  • Gülnar, D., Sunay, D., & Çaylan, A. (2010). Risk factors related with postpartum depression. Türkiye Klinikleri Jinekoloji Obstetrik, 20(3), 141-148.
  • Henderson, J., Alderdice, F., & Redshaw, M. (2019). Factors associated with maternal postpartum fatigue: An observational study. BMJ Open, 9(7), e025927. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025927
  • Liu, S., Yan, Y., Gao, X., Xiang, S., Sha, T., Zeng, G., & He, Q. (2017). Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: path model analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17(1), 133. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1320-x
  • Karaçam, Z., Öz, F., Taşkın, L. (2004). Postpartum depresyon: önleme, erken tanı ve hemşirelik bakımı. Sağlık ve Toplum, 3, 14-24.
  • Kheirabadi, G.R., Maracy, M.R., Barekatain, M., Salehi, M., Sadri, G.H., Kelishadi, M. & Cassy P. (2009) Risk factors of postpartum depression in rural areas of Isfahan Province, Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 12(5):461-467.
  • Klainin, P., & Arthur, D.G. (2009). Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(10), 1355-1373. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012
  • Kokanalı, D., Ayhan, S., Devran, A., Kokanalı, M.K., & Taşçı, Y. (2018). Sezaryen doğumun postpartum depresyona ve maternal bağlanmaya etkisi. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 148-152. doi: 10.16899/gopctd.366181
  • Kolukırık, Ü., Şimşek, H., ve Ergör, A. (2019). Doğum sonrası dönemdeki annelerde depresif belirtilerle ilişkili etmenler: Toplum tabanlı kesitsel bir çalışma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 8-1. doi: 10.5505/deutfd.2019.30092
  • Lau,Y., & Yin, L.(2011). Maternal, obstetric variables, perceived stress and health-related quality of life among pregnant women in Macao, China. Midwifery, 27(5), 668-673. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.02.008
  • Mariam, K.A., & Srinivasan, K. (2009). Antenatal psychological distress and postnatal depression: A prospective study from an urban clinic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2(2), 71–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2009.04.002
  • Matsumura, K., Hamazaki, K., Tsuchida, A., Kasamatsu, H., & Inadera, H. (2019). Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group Education level and risk of postpartum depression: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 419. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2401-3
  • Mayberry, L.J., Horowitz, J.A., & Declercq, E. (2007). Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 36(6), 542-549. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00191.x
  • McVeigh, C.A. (2000). Investigating the relationship between satisfaction with social support and functional status after childbirth, MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 25(1), 25–30. doi:10.1097/00005721-200001000-00006
  • Norhayati, M.N., Hazlina, N.H., Asrenee, A.R., & Emilin, W.M. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 34–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041
  • O'Hara, M.W., & McCabe, J.E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612
  • Özdemir, S., Marakoğlu, K., & Çivi, S. (2008).The prevalence of postpartum depression and related sociodemographic factors in the province of Konya. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 7(5), 391-398.
  • Poçan, A.G., Aki, Ö.E., Parlakgümüs, A.H., Gereklioglu, Ç., & Dolgun, A. B. (2013). The Incidence of and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression at an Urban Maternity Clinic in Turkey. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 46(2), 179–194. doi: 10.2190/PM.46.2.e
  • Roumieh, M., Bashour, H., Kharouf, M., & Chaikha, S. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women seen at Primary Health Care Centres in Damascus. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 519. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2685-9
  • Runquist, J.J. (2007). A depressive symptoms responsiveness model for differentiating fatigue from depression in the postpartum period. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 10(6), 267–275. doi:10.1007/s00737-007-0208-6
  • Rychnovsky, J.D. (2007). Postpartum fatigue in the active duty military women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 38-46. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00112.x
  • Sünter, A.T., Güz, H., Canbaz, S., & Dündar, C. (2006). The prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the center of the province of Samsun. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3(1), 26-31.
  • Thomas, K.A., & Spieker, S. (2016). Sleep, Depression, and Fatigue in Late Postpartum. MCN, The American Journal Of Maternal Child Nursing, 41(2), 104–109. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000213
  • Wilson, N., Lee, J.J., & Bei, B. (2019). Postpartum fatigue and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 224–233. doi: 10.1016/j.jad. 2018.12.032
  • Yıldırım, Y., ve Ergin, G. (2013). A Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) Scale in Chronic Musculoskeletal Physical Therapy Patients’. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 26(3), 307–316. doi:10.3233/BMR-130385

Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 73 - 80, 30.08.2020

Abstract

Giriş: Postpartum dönem; başta fiziksel ve emosyonel olmak üzere birçok değişimin yaşandığı ilk bir yıllık süreyi kapsar. Kadınlar bu dönemde karşılaştıkları zorluklarla baş etmede güçlük çekebilir. Bu güçlüklerden bazıları da depresyon ve yorgunluktur.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, postpartum dönemde kadınların depresyon riski sıklığının saptanması, depresyon ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bazı faktörlerin ve yorgunluğun değerlendirilmesidir.
Gereç ve

Yöntem: Kesitsel tipteki bu çalışma, 01 Aralık 2008 – 31 Ocak 2009 tarihleri arasında bir il merkezindeki doğum ve çocuk hastalıkları hastanesinde doğum yapan 509 kadın ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Postpartum depresyon riskini değerlendirmek amacıyla Edinburgh Doğum Sonu Depresyon Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Postpartum yorgunluk ise Çok Boyutlu Yorgunluk Değerlendirme Ölçeği ile değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Kadınların postpartum depresyon riski sıklığı %27,7 olarak saptanmıştır. Gelir getiren bir işte çalışmayan, aile gelir durumu kötü olan, düşük öyküsü olan ve postpartum dönemde herhangi bir sağlık sorunu yaşayan kadınların postpartum depresyon puanının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Ayrıca postpartum depresyon riski olan kadınların Çok Boyutlu Yorgunluk Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin tüm alt boyutlarından aldıkları puan ortalamalarının, depresyon riski olmayanlardan daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,001).

Sonuç: Kadınların postpartum dönemde depresyon riski düzeylerinin oldukça yüksek olduğu, depresyon riski ile yorgunluk arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Postpartum dönemde depresyon ve yorgunluğa yönelik değerlendirme yapılması, depresyon saptananların kesin teşhis ve tedavilerinin sağlanabilmesi için sağlık merkezlerine yönlendirilmesi, depresyon ve yorgunluk ile baş etme yöntemleri hakkında eğitimlerin yapılması yararlı olacaktır.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th. Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Beck, C.T., & Indman, P.(2005).The many faces of postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 34(5), 569–576. doi: 10.1177/0884217505279995
  • Bozoky, I., & Corwin, E.J. (2002). Fatigue as a predictor of postpartum depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 31(4), 436–443. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00066.x.
  • Corwin, E., & Arbour, M. (2007). Postpartum fatigue and evidence based interventions. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing. 32(4), 215-219. doi:10.1097/01.NMC.0000281959.71454.e5
  • Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression development of the 10 item Edinburg Postnatal Depresssion Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782-786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
  • Demir, S., Şentürk, M.B., Çakmak, Y., & Altay, M. (2016). Postpartum depression and associated factors in patients who admitted to our clinic to make child birth. Haseki Tip Bülteni, 54(2), 83–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/haseki.2856
  • Dönmez, A., ve Karaçam, Z. (2017). Annenin duygusal iyiliği: Jean Ball’ın Deck-Chair (Şezlong) teorisi. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 27(1), 7-12. doi: 10.5222/terh.2017.007
  • Efe, Ş.Y., Taşkın, L., & Eroğlu, K. (2009). Postnatal depression and effecting factors in Turkey. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association, 10(1), 14-20.
  • Engindeniz, A.N., Kuey, L.,& Kultur, S. (1996). A study for validity and reliability of Turkish version of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale according to Turkish version. In Book of Annual Meeting of Psychiatric Association of Turkey. (pp.51-52). Ankara: Turkish Psychiatric Association Press.
  • Andrews-Fike, C. (1999). A review of postpartum depression. The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1(1), 9-14. doi: 10.4088/pcc.v01n0103
  • Goyal, D., Gay, C., & Lee, K.A. (2010). How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive dymptoms in first time mothers? Women’s Health Issues, 20(2), 96–104. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2009.11.003
  • Gülnar, D., Sunay, D., & Çaylan, A. (2010). Risk factors related with postpartum depression. Türkiye Klinikleri Jinekoloji Obstetrik, 20(3), 141-148.
  • Henderson, J., Alderdice, F., & Redshaw, M. (2019). Factors associated with maternal postpartum fatigue: An observational study. BMJ Open, 9(7), e025927. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025927
  • Liu, S., Yan, Y., Gao, X., Xiang, S., Sha, T., Zeng, G., & He, Q. (2017). Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: path model analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17(1), 133. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1320-x
  • Karaçam, Z., Öz, F., Taşkın, L. (2004). Postpartum depresyon: önleme, erken tanı ve hemşirelik bakımı. Sağlık ve Toplum, 3, 14-24.
  • Kheirabadi, G.R., Maracy, M.R., Barekatain, M., Salehi, M., Sadri, G.H., Kelishadi, M. & Cassy P. (2009) Risk factors of postpartum depression in rural areas of Isfahan Province, Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 12(5):461-467.
  • Klainin, P., & Arthur, D.G. (2009). Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(10), 1355-1373. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012
  • Kokanalı, D., Ayhan, S., Devran, A., Kokanalı, M.K., & Taşçı, Y. (2018). Sezaryen doğumun postpartum depresyona ve maternal bağlanmaya etkisi. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 148-152. doi: 10.16899/gopctd.366181
  • Kolukırık, Ü., Şimşek, H., ve Ergör, A. (2019). Doğum sonrası dönemdeki annelerde depresif belirtilerle ilişkili etmenler: Toplum tabanlı kesitsel bir çalışma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 8-1. doi: 10.5505/deutfd.2019.30092
  • Lau,Y., & Yin, L.(2011). Maternal, obstetric variables, perceived stress and health-related quality of life among pregnant women in Macao, China. Midwifery, 27(5), 668-673. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.02.008
  • Mariam, K.A., & Srinivasan, K. (2009). Antenatal psychological distress and postnatal depression: A prospective study from an urban clinic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2(2), 71–73. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2009.04.002
  • Matsumura, K., Hamazaki, K., Tsuchida, A., Kasamatsu, H., & Inadera, H. (2019). Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group Education level and risk of postpartum depression: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 419. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2401-3
  • Mayberry, L.J., Horowitz, J.A., & Declercq, E. (2007). Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 36(6), 542-549. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00191.x
  • McVeigh, C.A. (2000). Investigating the relationship between satisfaction with social support and functional status after childbirth, MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 25(1), 25–30. doi:10.1097/00005721-200001000-00006
  • Norhayati, M.N., Hazlina, N.H., Asrenee, A.R., & Emilin, W.M. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 34–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041
  • O'Hara, M.W., & McCabe, J.E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612
  • Özdemir, S., Marakoğlu, K., & Çivi, S. (2008).The prevalence of postpartum depression and related sociodemographic factors in the province of Konya. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 7(5), 391-398.
  • Poçan, A.G., Aki, Ö.E., Parlakgümüs, A.H., Gereklioglu, Ç., & Dolgun, A. B. (2013). The Incidence of and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression at an Urban Maternity Clinic in Turkey. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 46(2), 179–194. doi: 10.2190/PM.46.2.e
  • Roumieh, M., Bashour, H., Kharouf, M., & Chaikha, S. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women seen at Primary Health Care Centres in Damascus. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 519. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2685-9
  • Runquist, J.J. (2007). A depressive symptoms responsiveness model for differentiating fatigue from depression in the postpartum period. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 10(6), 267–275. doi:10.1007/s00737-007-0208-6
  • Rychnovsky, J.D. (2007). Postpartum fatigue in the active duty military women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 38-46. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00112.x
  • Sünter, A.T., Güz, H., Canbaz, S., & Dündar, C. (2006). The prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the center of the province of Samsun. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3(1), 26-31.
  • Thomas, K.A., & Spieker, S. (2016). Sleep, Depression, and Fatigue in Late Postpartum. MCN, The American Journal Of Maternal Child Nursing, 41(2), 104–109. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000213
  • Wilson, N., Lee, J.J., & Bei, B. (2019). Postpartum fatigue and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 224–233. doi: 10.1016/j.jad. 2018.12.032
  • Yıldırım, Y., ve Ergin, G. (2013). A Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) Scale in Chronic Musculoskeletal Physical Therapy Patients’. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 26(3), 307–316. doi:10.3233/BMR-130385
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Remziye Can 0000-0001-5913-6007

F. Deniz Sayıner 0000-0001-9287-989X

Alaattin Ünsal

Ünal Ayrancı This is me

Publication Date August 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Can, R., Sayıner, F. D., Ünsal, A., Ayrancı, Ü. (2020). Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, 2(2), 73-80.
AMA Can R, Sayıner FD, Ünsal A, Ayrancı Ü. Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. UHSJN. August 2020;2(2):73-80.
Chicago Can, Remziye, F. Deniz Sayıner, Alaattin Ünsal, and Ünal Ayrancı. “Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon Ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 2, no. 2 (August 2020): 73-80.
EndNote Can R, Sayıner FD, Ünsal A, Ayrancı Ü (August 1, 2020) Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 2 2 73–80.
IEEE R. Can, F. D. Sayıner, A. Ünsal, and Ü. Ayrancı, “Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, UHSJN, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 73–80, 2020.
ISNAD Can, Remziye et al. “Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon Ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi 2/2 (August 2020), 73-80.
JAMA Can R, Sayıner FD, Ünsal A, Ayrancı Ü. Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. UHSJN. 2020;2:73–80.
MLA Can, Remziye et al. “Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon Ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 2, 2020, pp. 73-80.
Vancouver Can R, Sayıner FD, Ünsal A, Ayrancı Ü. Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Depresyon ve Yorgunluk Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. UHSJN. 2020;2(2):73-80.

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