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Avrupa Birliği Üye Devletlerinin Feminist Dış Politika Yaklaşımları: Bir Endeks Önerisi

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 03.01.2021

Abstract

Son yıllarda birçok ülke toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini bir dış politika önceliği haline getirmiş ve dış ilişkilerinde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin anaakımlaştırılmasını hedeflemiştir. İsveç, Kanada, Fransa ve Meksika gibi ülkelerin yanı sıra, Avrupa Birliği (AB), dış eylemleri kapsamında bir cinsiyet perspektifi içeren veya aktif olarak cinsiyet eşitliğini teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan çeşitli girişimler, politikalar ve stratejiler geliştirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, üye ülkeler, başta güvenlik ve savunma olmak üzere, dış eylemler üzerinde yüksek düzeyde kontrol sahibidir. Bu durum, AB feminist dış politikasının geliştirilmesi için bir öncelik olarak üye ülkelerin feminist dış politikaya daha fazla katılımını gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, feminist dış politika göstergeleri üzerinden AB üye ülkelerinin feminist dış politika yaklaşımını incelemektedir. Çalışma, feminist dış politikanın kavramsal gelişimi, tanımı ve göstergeleri üzerine gerçekleştirilen tartışma ve feminist dış politikanın teorik arka planı ve göstergelerine dayalı olarak AB üye ülkelerinin değerlendirilmesi şeklinde yapılandırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, farklı ülkelerin feminist dış politika yaklaşımlarını ve feminist dış politikanın alt boyutlarındaki güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini değerlendirmek için işlevsel bir çerçeve sağlamıştır. Bu bulguların, dış politikayı toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde şekillendirmeyi hedefleyen ülkeler için yol gösterici olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

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  • Aggestam, Karin & Rosamond, Annika Bergman. (2018). Re-politicising the Gender-Security Nexus: Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy. ERIS, 5(3), 30–48.
  • Bernarding, Nina & Lunz, Kristina. (2020). A Feminist Foreign Policy for the European Union. The Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy, 2020.
  • Chapnick, Adam. (2019). The Origins of Canada’s Feminist Foreign Policy. International Journal, 74(2), 191-205.
  • Chappell, Laura & Guerrina, Roberta. (2020). Understanding the Gender Regime in the European External Action Service. Cooperation and Conflict, 0, 1-20.
  • Cockburn, Cynthia (2010). Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(2), 139-157.
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  • Government Offices of Sweden, Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (2019). Handbook, Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.government.se/4ae557/contentassets/fc115607a4ad4bca913cd8d11c2339dc/handbook---swedens-feminist-foreign-policy.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2020).
  • Guerrina, Roberta & Wright, Katharine A. M. (2016). Gendering Normative Power Europe: Lessons of the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. International Affairs, 92(2), 293–312.
  • Haastrup, Toni, Wright, Katharine A. M. & Guerrina, Roberta. (2019). Bringing Gender In? EU Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit. Politics and Governance, 7(3), 62-71.
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  • Kapur, Bela & Rees, Madeleine. (2019). WPS and Conflict Prevention. The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 135-147.
  • Kronsell, Annica. (2012). Gender, Sex, and Post-National Defence. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Millennium: Journal of International Studies. (1988). Women and International Relations, 17 (3).
  • Morton, Sam E., Muchiri, Judyannet & Liam Swiss. (2020). Which feminism(s)? For Whom? Intersectionality in Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy. International Journal, 75(3), 329-348.
  • Muehlenhoff, Hanna L. (2017). Victims, Soldiers, Peacemakers, and Caretakers: the Neoliberal Constitution of Women in the EU’s Security Policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1-15.
  • Open Canada. (2017). Is the Future of Foreign Policy Feminist? Retrieved from: https://www.opencanada.org/indepth/future-foreign-policy-feminist/ (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • PeaceWomen. WPS Implementation. Retrieved from http://www.peacewomen.org/member-states (Accessed: 5 November 2020).
  • Rees, Madeleine & Chinkin, Christine. (2016). Exposing the Gendered Myth of Post Conflict Transition: The Transformative Power of Economics and Social Rights. International Law and Politics, 48(4), 1211-1226.
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  • Smith, Karen E. (2019). Missing in Analysis: Women in Foreign Policy-Making. Foreign Policy Analysis, 0, 1-12.
  • Sundström, Malena Rosén & Elgström, Ole. (2020). Praise or Critique? Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy in the Eyes of its Fellow EU Members. European Politics and Society, 21(4), 418-433.
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Feminist Foreign Policy Approaches of the European Union Member States: An Index Proposal

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 03.01.2021

Abstract

Many countries have made gender equality a foreign policy priority and have aimed gender mainstreaming in their external affairs in recent years. Along with individual states like Sweden, Canada, France, and Mexico, the European Union (EU) has also developed a variety of initiatives, policies, and strategies within its external action that either incorporate a gender perspective or that actively aim at fostering gender equality as the strategic approach. However, member states retain a high level of control over external action, mainly security and defense. This requires further member state engagement to feminist foreign policy as a priority to develop the EU feminist foreign policy. In this context, this study investigates the feminist foreign policy approach of the EU member states through indicators of feminist foreign policy. The study is structured as follows: discussion on the conceptual development, definition, and indicators of feminist foreign policy, evaluation of EU member states based on the theoretical background, and indicators of the feminist foreign policy. The results provided a functional framework to evaluate feminist foreign policy approaches of different states and their strengths and weaknesses in different sub-dimensions of feminist foreign policy. These findings may guide states which have the aim of gendering their foreign policies.

References

  • Alwan, Christine & Weldon, Laurel S. (2017). What is Feminist Foreign Policy? An Exploratory Evolution of Foreign Policy in OECD Countries. European Conference on Politics and Gender. Retrieved from: https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/05def9c8-34c6-4415-8df1-55144d2fd016.pdf (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • Aggestam, Karin & Rosamond, Annika Bergman. (2018). Re-politicising the Gender-Security Nexus: Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy. ERIS, 5(3), 30–48.
  • Bernarding, Nina & Lunz, Kristina. (2020). A Feminist Foreign Policy for the European Union. The Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy, 2020.
  • Chapnick, Adam. (2019). The Origins of Canada’s Feminist Foreign Policy. International Journal, 74(2), 191-205.
  • Chappell, Laura & Guerrina, Roberta. (2020). Understanding the Gender Regime in the European External Action Service. Cooperation and Conflict, 0, 1-20.
  • Cockburn, Cynthia (2010). Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(2), 139-157.
  • Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. (2012). Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT:en:PDF (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. (1979). Retrieved from: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en#6 (Accessed: 14 October 2020).
  • Council of Europe. (2014). Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention). Retrieved from: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/210/signatures?p_auth=Ckr7PZ7g (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Council of the European Union. (2018a). Comprehensive Approach to the EU Implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 on Women, Peace, and Security. Retrieved from: https://www.seesac.org/f/img/File/Res/Gender-and-Security-Resources/EU-implementaion-of-the-UNSC-resolutions-Women-639.pdf (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • Council of the European Union. (2018b). Council Conclusions on Women, Peace, and Security. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/37412/st15086-en18.pdf (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Council of the European Union. (2019). EU Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) 2019-2024. Retrieved from: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11031-2019-INIT/en/pdf (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Delgado, Martha. (2020). Mexico’s Feminist Foreign Policy, TPQ, 19(1), 35-39.
  • Enloe, Cynthia. (1989). Bananas, Beaches & Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. London: Pandora.
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152&from=EN (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). Gender Statistics Database. Retrieved from: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/indicator/wmidm_pol_gov__wmid_natgov_minis/metadata (Accessed: 12 November 2020).
  • European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). Gender Equality Index. Retrieved from: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/about (Accessed: 12 November 2020).
  • European Parliament. (2020). Legislative Train Schedule. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-civil-liberties-justice-and-home-affairs-libe/file-eu-accession-to-the-istanbul-convention (Accessed: 2 November 2020).
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  • Garner, Karen. (2013). Gender and Foreign Policy in the Clinton Administration. FirstForumPress.
  • Government Communication. (2019). Sweden's Feminist Foreign Policy, 20:17. Retrieved from: https://www.regeringen.se/4a732d/contentassets/8db3c4560ab0466faf82edaa1c209fe0/swedens-feminist-foreign-policy-skr-20192017.pdf (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Government of Canada. (2020). Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites/policy-politique.aspx?lang=eng (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • Government Offices of Sweden, Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (2019). Handbook, Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.government.se/4ae557/contentassets/fc115607a4ad4bca913cd8d11c2339dc/handbook---swedens-feminist-foreign-policy.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2020).
  • Guerrina, Roberta & Wright, Katharine A. M. (2016). Gendering Normative Power Europe: Lessons of the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. International Affairs, 92(2), 293–312.
  • Haastrup, Toni, Wright, Katharine A. M. & Guerrina, Roberta. (2019). Bringing Gender In? EU Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit. Politics and Governance, 7(3), 62-71.
  • Hooper, Louise. (2019). Gender-Based Asylum Claims and Non-Refoulement: Articles 60 and 61 of the Istanbul Convention. A Collection of Papers on the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, Council of Europe.
  • OECD. Aid Projects Targeting Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (CRS). Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=DV_DCD_GENDER&lang=en# (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union. Monthly Ranking of Women in National Parliaments. Retrieved from: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=10&year=2020 (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Kapur, Bela & Rees, Madeleine. (2019). WPS and Conflict Prevention. The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace, and Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 135-147.
  • Kronsell, Annica. (2012). Gender, Sex, and Post-National Defence. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Millennium: Journal of International Studies. (1988). Women and International Relations, 17 (3).
  • Morton, Sam E., Muchiri, Judyannet & Liam Swiss. (2020). Which feminism(s)? For Whom? Intersectionality in Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy. International Journal, 75(3), 329-348.
  • Muehlenhoff, Hanna L. (2017). Victims, Soldiers, Peacemakers, and Caretakers: the Neoliberal Constitution of Women in the EU’s Security Policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 1-15.
  • Open Canada. (2017). Is the Future of Foreign Policy Feminist? Retrieved from: https://www.opencanada.org/indepth/future-foreign-policy-feminist/ (Accessed: 4 November 2020).
  • PeaceWomen. WPS Implementation. Retrieved from http://www.peacewomen.org/member-states (Accessed: 5 November 2020).
  • Rees, Madeleine & Chinkin, Christine. (2016). Exposing the Gendered Myth of Post Conflict Transition: The Transformative Power of Economics and Social Rights. International Law and Politics, 48(4), 1211-1226.
  • Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/Beijing%20full%20report%20E.pdf (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Scheyer, Victoria & Kumskova, Marina. (2019). Feminist Foreign Policy: A Fine Line Between “Adding Women” and Pursuing a Feminist Agenda. Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 57-76.
  • Smith, Karen E. (2019). Missing in Analysis: Women in Foreign Policy-Making. Foreign Policy Analysis, 0, 1-12.
  • Sundström, Malena Rosén & Elgström, Ole. (2020). Praise or Critique? Sweden’s Feminist Foreign Policy in the Eyes of its Fellow EU Members. European Politics and Society, 21(4), 418-433.
  • The Conventional Arms Export Control Outreach Project (COARM). Retrieved from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/eeasqap/sense/app/75fd8e6e-68ac-42dd-a078-f616633118bb/sheet/64c1cfa7-bf1a-4300-8600-a0ec26bcf753/state/analysis (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
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  • The French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Feminist Diplomacy. Gender Equality: A Priority for France. Retrieved from: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/feminist-diplomacy/ (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • The Swedish Foreign Service Action Plan for Feminist Foreign Policy 2019–2022, including Direction and Measures for 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.government.se/4a7783/contentassets/66afd4cf15ee472ba40e3d43393c843a/the-swedish-foreign-service-action-plan-for-feminist-foreign-policy-20192022-including-direction-and-measures-for-2019.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2020).
  • The World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (Accessed: 2 November 2020).
  • Thompson, Lyric & Clement, Rachel. (2019). Defining Feminist Foreign Policy. International Center for Research on Women. Retrieved from: https://www.icrw.org/publications/defining-feminist-foreign-policy/ (Accessed: 5 November 2020).
  • Thompson, Lyric. (2020). Feminist Foreign Policy: A Framework. International Center for Research on Women. Retrieved from: https://www.icrw.org/publications/feminist-foreign-policy-a-framework/ (Accessed: 5 November 2000).
  • Tickner, Ann J. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Tickner, Ann J. (2001). Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1970). Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text (Accessed: 1 November 220).
  • Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. (2017). Retrieved from: http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/tpnw (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • UN Women. 2019 Revenue Contributions by Donor. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/partnerships/donor%20countries/2019-total-contributions-to-un-women-en.pdf?la=en&vs=1829 (Accessed: 1 November 2020).
  • Von der Leyen, Ursula. (2019). A Union that strives for more. My agenda for Europe. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/political-guidelines-next-commission_en.pdf (Accessed: 5 November 2020).
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Adviye Damla Ünlü 0000-0002-5902-4096

Publication Date January 3, 2021
Acceptance Date December 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ünlü, A. D. (2021). Feminist Foreign Policy Approaches of the European Union Member States: An Index Proposal. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 4(2), 91-100.
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