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Doğu Akdeniz'den İzole Edilen Enterococcus faecalis Bakterilerinin Antibiyotik ve Ağır Metal Dirençliliği

Year 2010, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 172 - 178, 11.11.2010

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Akdeniz'den izole edilen 158 adet Enterococcus faecalis bakterilerinin 15 farklı antibiyotiğe ve dört farklı ağır metale karşı dirençliliği sırasıyla agar difüzyon ve agar dilüsyon yöntemleriyle araştırılmıştır. Gentamisine (%98.7), siproflaksine (%77.8), imipeneme (%77.2) ve levofloksasine (%72.8) karşı yüksek antibiyotik dirençliliği bulunurken, en az dirençlilik ise vankomisine (%3.2) minosikline (%13.3) ve kinopristin-dalfopristine (%13.3) karşı bulunmuştur. Çoklu antibiyotik dirençlilik (ÇAD) indeksleri 0.2-0.93 arasında değişmektedir. Birçok izolat farklı ağır metal derişimlerine tolerans göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar Doğu Akdeniz'in önemli miktarda antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençliliği taşıyan Enterococcus faecalis barındırdığını ve bununda halk sağlığı açısından potansiyel bir risk taşıdığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler : Enterococcus faecalis, antibiyotik dirençliliği, ağır metal

Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Eastern Mediterranean Sea

In this study the resistance of 158 Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from Mediterranean Sea to 15 different antibiotics and four heavy metals was investigated by agar diffusion and agar dilution methods respectively. A high incidence of resistance to gentamicine (98.7%), ciprofloxacin (77.8%), imipenem (77.2%) and levofloxacin (72.8%), as well as almost an absence of resistance to vancomycin (3.2%), minocycline (13.3 %) and quinupristin-dalfopristin (13.3%) was found among the isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.2 to 0.93. Most isolates were showed tolerance to different concentrations of heavy metals. These results suggest that Eastern Mediterranean Sea has important proportion of antibiotic and heavy metal resistant Enterococcus faecalis and these bacteria can be responsible a potential risk for public health.

Key words: Enterococcus faecalis, antibiotic resistance, heavy metal

References

  • Teixeria L.M., Facklam R.R., 2003. Enterococcus. In: Murray P.R., Baron E.J., Pfaller M.A., Tenover Microbiology. Eighth edition, Washington. ASM Press. pp: 422-433.
  • Giraffa G., 2002. Enterococci from foods. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26: 163– 171.
  • Quednau M., Ahrne S., Peterson A.C., Molin G., 1998. Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84: 1163-1170.
  • Harwood V.J., Brownell M., Perusek W., Whitlock J.E., 2001. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67: 4930-4933.
  • Pinto B., Pierotti R., Canale G., Reali D., 1999. Characterization of faecal streptococci as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29: 258– 263.
  • Ersoy Y., Bayraktar M., Fırat M., Yağmur M., Durmaz R., 2005. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen enterokok suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıkları. Ankem Dergisi, 19: 92-96.
  • Romalde J.L., Magarinos B., Nunez S., Barja J.L., Toranzo A.E., 1996. Host range susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated from diseased turbot: possible routes of infection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 607–611.
  • Frick I.M., Morgelin M., Bjorck L., 2000. Virulent aggregates of Streptococcus pyogenes are generated by homophilic protein-protein interactions. Molecular Microbiology, 37: 1232-1247.
  • Greenberg A.E., Clesceri L.S., Eaton A.D., 1992. APHA Microbial examination. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association Washington, pp. 9.1-9.147.
  • Bauer A.W., Kirby W.M.M., Sherris J.C., Turck M., 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45: 493–496.
  • Akinbowale O.L., Peng H., Grant P., Barton M.D., 2007. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Australia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30: 177–182.
  • Savaşan S., Kaya O., Kırkan Ş., Çiftçi, A., 2008. Balık kökenli Enterococcus faecalis suşlarının antibiyotik dirençlilikleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 55: 107-110.
  • Malathum K., Murray B.E., 1999.Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: recent advances in genetics, epidemiology and therapeutic options. Drug Resistance Updates, 2: 224–243.
  • Akıncı E., Balık İ., Tekeli E., 1999. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Enterokok türlerinin antimikrobiyal duyarlılığının belirlenmesi. Flora, 4: 40-45.
  • Mirovic V., Citic J., Tomanovic B., Nonkovic Z., 2000. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci from clinical specimens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6: 171.
  • Toutouza M., Skandami V., Poujioukober M., Fakiri H., Karabassi V., Komninou Z., 2001. Resistance phenotypes in Enterococci isolated from clinical specimens during 3 year period. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6: 1-394.
  • Murray B.E., 1997. Vancomycin resistant enterococci. American Journal of Medicine, 102: 284- 293.
  • Matyar F., Kaya A., Dinçer S., 2008. Antibacterial agents and heavy metal resistance in Gram- negative bacteria isolated from seawater, shrimp and sediment in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 279–285.
  • Duxbury T., Bicknell B., 1983. Metal-Tolerant bacterial populations from natural and metal-polluted soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 15: 243-250.
  • Doelman P., Jansen E., Michels M., Van Til M., 1994. Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial diversity and activity as shown by the sensitivity-resistance index, an ecologically relevant parameter. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 17: 177-184.
  • Starzecka A., Bednarz T., 1993. Comparison of development and metabolic activity of algae and bacteria in soil under the influence of short and long term contamination with metallurgic industrial dusts Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 98: 71-88.
  • Kalay M., Koyuncu C.E., Dönmez A.E., 2004. Comparison of Cd levels in the muscle and liver tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata caught from the Mersin Gulf. (in Turkish). Ekoloji Dergisi. 13: 23-27.
  • Yazkan M., Özdemir F., Gölükçü M., 2004. Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents in some molluscs and crustacea caught in the Gulf of Antalya (in Turkish). Turkish. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28: 95-100.
  • Sadık Dinçer e-posta: sdincer@cu.edu.tr
Year 2010, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 172 - 178, 11.11.2010

Abstract

References

  • Teixeria L.M., Facklam R.R., 2003. Enterococcus. In: Murray P.R., Baron E.J., Pfaller M.A., Tenover Microbiology. Eighth edition, Washington. ASM Press. pp: 422-433.
  • Giraffa G., 2002. Enterococci from foods. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26: 163– 171.
  • Quednau M., Ahrne S., Peterson A.C., Molin G., 1998. Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84: 1163-1170.
  • Harwood V.J., Brownell M., Perusek W., Whitlock J.E., 2001. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67: 4930-4933.
  • Pinto B., Pierotti R., Canale G., Reali D., 1999. Characterization of faecal streptococci as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29: 258– 263.
  • Ersoy Y., Bayraktar M., Fırat M., Yağmur M., Durmaz R., 2005. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen enterokok suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıkları. Ankem Dergisi, 19: 92-96.
  • Romalde J.L., Magarinos B., Nunez S., Barja J.L., Toranzo A.E., 1996. Host range susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. strains isolated from diseased turbot: possible routes of infection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 607–611.
  • Frick I.M., Morgelin M., Bjorck L., 2000. Virulent aggregates of Streptococcus pyogenes are generated by homophilic protein-protein interactions. Molecular Microbiology, 37: 1232-1247.
  • Greenberg A.E., Clesceri L.S., Eaton A.D., 1992. APHA Microbial examination. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association Washington, pp. 9.1-9.147.
  • Bauer A.W., Kirby W.M.M., Sherris J.C., Turck M., 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45: 493–496.
  • Akinbowale O.L., Peng H., Grant P., Barton M.D., 2007. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Australia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30: 177–182.
  • Savaşan S., Kaya O., Kırkan Ş., Çiftçi, A., 2008. Balık kökenli Enterococcus faecalis suşlarının antibiyotik dirençlilikleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 55: 107-110.
  • Malathum K., Murray B.E., 1999.Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: recent advances in genetics, epidemiology and therapeutic options. Drug Resistance Updates, 2: 224–243.
  • Akıncı E., Balık İ., Tekeli E., 1999. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Enterokok türlerinin antimikrobiyal duyarlılığının belirlenmesi. Flora, 4: 40-45.
  • Mirovic V., Citic J., Tomanovic B., Nonkovic Z., 2000. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci from clinical specimens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6: 171.
  • Toutouza M., Skandami V., Poujioukober M., Fakiri H., Karabassi V., Komninou Z., 2001. Resistance phenotypes in Enterococci isolated from clinical specimens during 3 year period. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 6: 1-394.
  • Murray B.E., 1997. Vancomycin resistant enterococci. American Journal of Medicine, 102: 284- 293.
  • Matyar F., Kaya A., Dinçer S., 2008. Antibacterial agents and heavy metal resistance in Gram- negative bacteria isolated from seawater, shrimp and sediment in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 279–285.
  • Duxbury T., Bicknell B., 1983. Metal-Tolerant bacterial populations from natural and metal-polluted soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 15: 243-250.
  • Doelman P., Jansen E., Michels M., Van Til M., 1994. Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial diversity and activity as shown by the sensitivity-resistance index, an ecologically relevant parameter. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 17: 177-184.
  • Starzecka A., Bednarz T., 1993. Comparison of development and metabolic activity of algae and bacteria in soil under the influence of short and long term contamination with metallurgic industrial dusts Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 98: 71-88.
  • Kalay M., Koyuncu C.E., Dönmez A.E., 2004. Comparison of Cd levels in the muscle and liver tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata caught from the Mersin Gulf. (in Turkish). Ekoloji Dergisi. 13: 23-27.
  • Yazkan M., Özdemir F., Gölükçü M., 2004. Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents in some molluscs and crustacea caught in the Gulf of Antalya (in Turkish). Turkish. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28: 95-100.
  • Sadık Dinçer e-posta: sdincer@cu.edu.tr
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fatih Matyar

Sadık Dinçer This is me

Publication Date November 11, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE F. Matyar and S. Dinçer, “Doğu Akdeniz’den İzole Edilen Enterococcus faecalis Bakterilerinin Antibiyotik ve Ağır Metal Dirençliliği”, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 172–178, 2010.