Soğuk Derz Oluşan Beton Yüzeylerde Aderans Arttırıcı Katkıların Kayma Dayanımına Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Yapısal uygulamalarda çeşitli sebeplerle beton dökümünün tek aşamada tamamlanamamasından kaynaklı olarak oluşan soğuk derzler, zayıf arayüz nedeniyle betonarme elemanlarda önemli yapısal sorunlar meydana getirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, soğuk derz oluşumu nedeniyle zayıflayan kayma direncinin iyileştirilmesinde epoksi bazlı aderans arttırıcı katkıların ve yüzey hazırlığının etkinliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, pürüzlü ve pürüzsüz yüzeylere sahip beton elemanlarda aderans arttırıcı katkı kullanılması ve kullanılmaması durumları ayrı ayrı deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Üretilen numunelerin kayma performansı çift taraflı kayma deneyi yardımıyla belirlenmiş, kayma dayanımına ek olarak, kayma birim şekildeğiştirmesi, kayma rijitliği ve enerji yutma kapasitesi (tokluk) gibi parametreler de elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Kayma dayanımı açısından yüzey pürüzlülüğü önemli bir etken olmakla birlikte, elde edilen bulgular, aderans arttırıcı katkı kullanımının bu dayanımı iyileştirmede daha etkin bir yöntem olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Aderans arttırıcı katkı kullanılması ile birlikte, kayma dayanımında %192, kayma rijitliğinde %500, toplam enerji sönümleme kapasitesinde ise %227’ye varan artışlar elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, aderans arttırıcı kullanımının pürüzsüz yüzeylerde dahi önemli katkı sağladığını, ancak yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile birlikte uygulandığında etkinin çarpan etkisiyle arttığını ve bu kombinasyonun soğuk derz oluşan beton yüzeylerde kayma performansını optimize ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Soğuk Derz
• Aderans Arttırıcı
• Epoksi Katkı
• Kayma Dayanımı
• Yüzey Pürüzlülüğü
• Çift Taraflı Kayma Deneyi

Investigation of the Influence of Bonding Agents on the Shear Performance of Cold Jointed Concrete Surfaces

Abstract

Cold joints arising from interrupted concrete casting can weaken interfaces and cause significant structural issues in reinforced concrete elements. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effectiveness of epoxy-based bonding agents and surface preparation in improving the shear resistance weakened due to cold joint formation. Within this scope, the use and non-use of bonding agents on concrete elements with rough and smooth surfaces were experimentally examined. The shear performance was determined using a double-sided shear test, and parameters such as shear strain, shear stiffness, and energy absorption capacity (toughness) were analyzed in light of the results obtained, in addition to shear strength. While surface roughness is an important factor in shear strength, the findings revealed that the use of bonding-agent is a more effective method for improving this strength. With the use of bonding-agent, increases of up to 192% in shear strength, 500% in shear stiffness, and 227% in total energy absorption capacity were achieved. The study concluded that the use of bonding agents provides significant benefits even on smooth surfaces, but that the effect is multiplied when applied in combination with surface roughness, and that this combination optimizes shear performance on concrete surfaces with cold joints.

Keywords

• Cold Joint
• Bonding Agents
• Shear Strength
• Adhesion İmprovement
• Surface Roughness
• Double-Sided Shear Test

References

1. [1] Kadhum, S. B., Al-Zuhairi, A. H. 2024. The Effect of Construction Joints on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 14(4), 16083–16089.
2. [2] Ismael, M. A., Hameed, Y. M., Abd, H. J. 2019. Effect of construction joint on structural performance of reinforced self-compacting concrete beams. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(1), 297–306.
3. [3] Vanlalruata, J., Marthong, C. 2021. Effect of cold joint on the flexural strength of RC beam. Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, 6(1), 28–36.
4. [4] Al-Rifaie, A., Al-Hassani, H., Shubbar, A. A. 2021. Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with horizontal construction joints. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1090(1), 012003.
5. [5] Omidian, P., Choubdar, S., Khaledi, R., Najafi, H. 2025. Simplified numerical simulation modeling of a reinforced concrete cold joint: Case study of industrial tower foundation. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, (in press).
6. [6] Kareem, A. Y., Aules, W. A. 2025. Shear strength in reinforced concrete beams with cold joint. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 10, 242.
7. [7] Abass, Z. W. 2012. Effect of Construction Joints on Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 8(1), 48–64.
8. [8] Kadyrov, N., Yazıcıoğlu, S. 2016. Research of Cold Joint Effects on the Direct Tensile and Flexural Strength of the Concrete. Journal of Polytechnic, 19(3), 203–210.

9. [9] Kara, İ. B. 2021. Experimental investigation of the effect of cold joint on strength and durability of concrete. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46(11), 10397–10408.
10. [10] Mack, V., Salehfard, R., Habibnejad Korayem, A. 2024. Comparative study of the effects of key factors on concrete-to-concrete bond strength. Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 57(1), 205–223.
11. [11] Oktavia, A., Pratiwi, A. Y., Chairunnisa, N. 2024. Performance of concrete-to-concrete bond strength in wetland area. E3S Web of Conferences, 476, 01062.
12. [12] Behforouz, B., Tavakoli, D., Gharghani, M., Ashour, A. 2023. Bond strength of the interface between concrete substrate and overlay concrete containing fly ash exposed to high temperature. Structures, 49, 183–197.
13. [13] Omary, S., Chadfeau, C., Belhaj, E., & Feugeas, F. 2019. Effet de l’hydratation et du rapport E/C sur les paramètres de la rugosité de surface de pâtes cimentaires. Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(1), 186-190.
14. [14] Chuta, E., Colin, J., Jeong, J. 2020. The impact of the water-to-cement ratio on the surface morphology of cementitious materials. Journal of building engineering, 32, 101716.
15. [15] Pernicova, R., Kolomaznik, T. 2020. Influence of Special Additives on Characteristics of Concrete with SiC Based Filler. Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications, 986, 41-49.
16. [16] Rathi, V. R., Kolase, P. K. 2013. Effect of cold joint on strength of concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(9), 4671–4674.
17. [17] Ali, Q. Q., Erdil, B., Jassam, T. M. 2023. Critical cold joint angle in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 409, 133881.
18. [18] Yoo, S. Y., Kwon, S. J. 2016. Effects of cold joint and loading conditions on chloride diffusion in concrete containing GGBFS. Construction and Building Materials, 115, 247–255.
19. [19] Bayqra, S. H., Özen, S., Mardani, A., Ramyar, K. 2025. Effect of interlayer cold joint on mechanical properties and permeability of roller compacted concrete. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 19, 284–299.
20. [20] Kabay, N., Kızılkanat, A. B. 2018. Mechanical properties of concrete to concrete interfaces under uniaxial and shear forces. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(6), 1037–1042.
21. [21] Construction Front. Concrete cold joint repair [Internet]. Construction Front. 2023 Nov [cited 2025-08-11]. Available from: https://constructionfront.com/concrete-cold-joint-repair/
22. [22] TS EN 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete – Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens, 2019. [23] Alimrani, N. S., Balazs, G. L. 2023. Toughness and stiffness of fibre reinforced concrete in terms of shear capacity. Construction and Building Materials, 389, 131711.
23. [24] Shu, Y., Qiang, X., Jiang, X. 2025. Experimental and theoretical studies on initial stiffness of Fe-SMA/steel single-lap shear joints for structural reinforcements. Thin-Walled Structures, 113432.
24. [25] TS 13515, Complementary Turkish Standard for the implementation of TS EN 206, 2025.
25. [26] TS EN 206+A2, Concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity, 2021.
26. [27] TBEC 2018, Türkiye Building Earthquake Code, 2018.