Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys

Osman Armağan; Talip Kırındı

doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.883257

Research Article

Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys

Year 2021, , 419 - 431, 20.08.2021

Osman Armağan , Talip Kırındı

https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.883257

Abstract

In this study, structural and crystallographic properties of phase transformations in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si (Mn = 15.14 wt.% and 18.45 wt.%) alloys were investigated. The effects of heat treatment temperature on microstructure were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Metallurgical Microscopy (MM). In addition to this, crystallographic properties of phase transformations were revealed by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. In the samples subjected to heat treatment at 750 C, it was observed that bainite structure was formed in the alloy where Mn amount was low and ferrite structure in the alloy where Mn amount was higher. In addition, it was found that both alloys heat–treated at 900 C had the same microstructure (pearlite structure) in SEM and MM microscopy. At the same time, microstructure observations revealed that bainite and pearlite structures contain a mixture of ferrite and cementite. In the TEM studies it was revealed by electron diffraction pattern analyses that bainite and ferrite phase crystallized in b.c.c. structure and cementite phase in orthorhombic structure. → type transformation was observed for –bainite formation, and orientation relationship was found as 〖(1 ̅11)〗_//〖(011)〗_ , 〖[101]〗_//〖[1 ̅11 ̅]〗_.

Keywords

Bainite, Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite, Crystallographic properties, TEM

Project Number

2016/131

References

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[2] Kirindi, T., Guler, E., Dikici, M. 2007. Effects of homogenization time on the both martensitic transformations and mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 433, 202–206.
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[27] Tan, X., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Liu, Z., Wu, D. 2014. Effect of partitioning procedure on microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-rolled directly quenched and partitioned steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 594, 149–160.
[28] Tan, X., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Wu, D. 2014. Microstructure properties relationship in a onestep quenched and partitioned steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 589, 101–111.
[29] Mijovilovich, A., Goncalves Vieira, A., Paniago, R., Pfannes, H. D., Mendonc Gonzalez, B. 2000. Mössbauer study of the retained austenitic phase in multiphase steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 283, 65-69.
[30] Xing, X. L., Zhou, Y. F., Yang, Y. L., Gao, S. Y., Ren, X. J., Yang, Q. X. 2015. Surface modification of low-carbon nano-crystallite bainite via laser remelting and following isothermal transformation. Applied Surface Science, 353, 184–188.
[31] Batz, W., Mead, H. W., Birchenall, C. E. 1952. Diffusion of Silicon in Iron. Journal of Metals, 4(10), 1070.
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[34] Aksoy, M., Kuzucu, V., Korkut, M. H. 1997. The influence of strong carbide-forming elements and homogenization on the wear resistance of ferritic stainless steel. Wear, 211, 265-270.
[35] Kuzucu, V., Aksoy, M., Korkut, M. H. 1998. The effect of strong carbide-forming elements such as Mo, Ti, V and Nb on the microstructure of ferritic stainless steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 82, 165–171.
[36] Barford, J., Owen, W. S. 1962. The effect of austenite grain size and temperature on the rate of bainite transformation. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 4, 359–360.
[37] Umemoto, M., Horiuchi, K., Tamura, I. 1982. Transformation Kinetics of Bainite during Isothermal Holding and Continuous Cooling. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 68, 461–470.
[38] Graham, L. W., Axon, H. J. 1959. The Effect of Austenitising Treatments on Formation of Lower Bainite in a Plain Carbon Steel. The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 191, 361–365.
[39] Gao, G., Zhang, H., Tan, Z., Liu, W., Bai, B. 2013. A carbide-free bainite/martensite/austenite triplex steel with enhanced mechanical properties treated by a novel quenching–partitioning–tempering process. Materials Science and Engineering A, 559, 165–169.
[40] Kral, M. V. Spanos, G. 1999. Three-dimensional analysis of proeutectoid cementite precipitates. Acta Materialia, 47(2), 711-724.
[41] Kral, M. V., Spanos, G. 2003. Crystallography of grain boundary cementite dendrites. Acta Materialia, 51, 301–311.
[42] Mangan, M. A., Kral, M. V. Spanos, G. 1999. Correlation between the crystallography and morphology of proeutectoid widmanstatten cementite precipitates. Acta Materialia, 47(17), 4263-4274.
[43] Al-Abbasi, F. M. 2010. Micromechanical modeling of ferrite-pearlite steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527, 6904–6916.
[44] Wang, J., Van der Wolk, P., Van der Zwaag, S. 2000. On the influence of alloying elements on the bainite reaction in low alloy steels during continuous cooling. Journal of Materials Science, 35, 4393–4404. [45] Chen, H., Zhu, K., Zhao, L., Van der Zwaag, S. 2013. Analysis of transformation stasis during the isothermal bainitic ferrite formation in Fe–C–Mn and Fe–C–Mn–Si alloys. Acta Materialia, 61, 5458–5468.
[46] Chen, H., Borgenstam, A., Odqvist, J., Zuazo, Goune, M., Agren, J., Zwaag, S. 2013. Application of interrupted cooling experiments to study the mechanism of bainitic ferrite formation in steels. Acta Materialia, 61, 4512–4523.
[47] Palmer, T. A., Elmer, J. W., Babu, S. S. 2004. Observations of ferrite/austenite transformations in the heat affected zone of 2205 duplex stainless steel spot welds using time resolved X-ray diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering A, 374, 307–321.
[48] Yuan, F., Bian, X., Jiang, P., Yang, M., Wu, X. 2015. Dynamic shear response and evolution mechanisms of adiabatic shear band in an ultrafine-grained austenite-ferrite duplex steel. Mechanics of Materials, 89, 47–58.
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[54] Larn, R. H., Yang, J. R. 2000. The effect of compressive deformation of austenite on the bainitic ferrite transformation in Fe-Mn-Si-C steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 278, 278–291.
[55] Caballero, F. G., Miller, M. K., Garcia-Mateo, C., Cornide, J. 2013. New experimental evidence of the diffusionless transformation nature of bainite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, 626–630.
[56] Hulme-Smith, C. N., Lonardelli, I., Dippel, A. C., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. 2013. Experimental evidence for non-cubic bainitic ferrite. Scripta Materialia, 69, 409–412.
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Fe-Mn-Mo-Si Alaşımlarında Termal Etkili Faz Dönüşümlerinin Mikro Yapı İncelemeleri

Year 2021, , 419 - 431, 20.08.2021

Osman Armağan , Talip Kırındı

https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.883257

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Fe-%XMn-Mo-Si (X=15,14 ve 18,45) alaşımlarında termal etki ile meydana gelen faz dönüşümlerinin yapısal ve kristalografik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Isıl işlem sıcaklığının mikro yapısı üzerine etkileri Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ve Metalürji Mikroskobu (MM) incelemeleri ile yapıldı. Bunun yanı sıra kristalografik özellikleri ise Geçirmeli Elektron Mikroskobu (TEM) ve X-Işınları Kırınımı (XRD) yöntemleri kullanılarak ortaya çıkarılmıştır. 750 C’ de ısıl işleme tabi tutulan numunelerde Mn miktarının az olduğu alaşımda beynit yapı oluşurken Mn miktarının daha fazla olduğu alaşımda ferrit yapının oluştuğu gözlendi. Ek olarak, 900 C'de ısıl işlem görmüş her iki alaşımın da SEM ve MM mikroskopisinde aynı mikro yapıya (perlit yapı) sahip olduğu bulundu. Aynı zamanda, beynit ve perlit yapılarının ferrit ve sementit karışımını içerdiği mikro yapı gözlemleri ile ortaya konuldu. TEM incelemelerinde elektron kırınım deseni analizleri sayesinde beynit ve ferrit fazın b.c.c. yapısında, sementit fazın ise ortorombik yapıda kristalleştiği ortaya konuldu. -beynit oluşumu için  türü dönüşüm gözlendi ve dönme bağımlılığı 〖(1 ̅11)〗_//〖(011)〗_ , 〖[101]〗_//〖[1 ̅11 ̅]〗_ olarak bulundu.

Keywords

Beynit, Ferrit, Sementit, Perlit, Kristalografik özellikler, TEM

Supporting Institution

Kırıkkale Üniversitesi (Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi)

Project Number

2016/131

Thanks

Kırıkkale Üniversitesi

References

[1] Chowdhury, P., Canadinc, D., Sehitoglu, H. 2017. On deformation behavior of Fe-Mn based structural alloys. Materials Science and Engineering R Reports, 122, 1–28.
[2] Kirindi, T., Guler, E., Dikici, M. 2007. Effects of homogenization time on the both martensitic transformations and mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 433, 202–206.
[3] Nishiyama, Z. 1978. Martensitic Transformations. 1nd edition. Academic Press. New York, 6s.
[4] Christian, J. W. 1975. The Theory of Transformation in Metals and Alloys. 2nd, the first part of that edition was revised and re-published. Pergamon Press. London, 813s.
[5] Wegst, C. W. 1986. Stahlschlüssel. 14nd edition. Verlag Stahlschlüssel Wegst Gmbh. Germany, 112s.
[6] Moffatt, W. G., Pearsall, G. W., Wulff, J. 1964. The structure and properties of materials, structure, part1. 1nd edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 134s.
[7] Brophy, J.H., Rose, R.M., Wulff J. 1964. The structure and properties of materials, thermodynamics, part2. 1nd edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 113s.
[8] Smith, W. F. 1986. Principles of Materials Science and Engineering. 1nd edition. McGraw-Hill. New York, 325s.
[9] Askeland, D. R., Webster, P. 1990. The Science and Engineering of Materials. 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall. London, 430s.
[10] Dieter, G., E. 1997. Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Irons and Steels. Materials Selection and Design, Vol 20, ASM Handbook, ASM International, USA, 125s.
[11] Bain, E. C. 1932. Factors affecting the inherent hardenability of steel. Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating, 20, 385-428.
[12] Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Christian, J. W. 1990. Bainite in stells. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 21, 767–797.
[13] Irvine, K. J., Pickering, F. B. 1957. Low-carbon bainitic stells. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 187, 292-309.
[14] Caballero, F. G., Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Mawella, K. J. A., Jones, D. G., Brown, P. 2002. Very Strong Low Temperature Bainite. Materials Science and Technology, 18, 279–284.
[15] Chang, L. C. 2004. Microstructures and reaction kinetics of bainite transformation in Si-rich stells. Materials Science and Engineering A, 368(1-2), 175-182.
[16] Srinivasan, G. R., Wayman, C. M. 1968. Transmission electron microscope study of the bainite transformation in iron-chromium-carbon alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 16(5), 609-620.
[17] Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Edmonds, D. V. 1980. The mechanism of bainite formation in steels. Acta Metallurgica, 28(9), 1265-1273.
[18] Greninger, A. B. Troianao, A. R. 1940. Crytallography of austenite decomposition. Trans. AIMME, 140, 307-336.
[19] Tsuzaki, K., Maki, T. 1995. Some Aspects of Bainite Transformation in Fe-Based Alloys. Journal de Physique, 5, 61-70.
[20] Klier, E. P. Lyman, T. 1944. The bainite reaction in hypoeutectoid steels. Trans. AIMME, 158, 394-422.
[21] Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. 2001. Bainite in Steells. 2nd edition. The University Press. Cambridge, London, 63s.
[22] Zhang, M. X., Kelly, P. M. 2002. Accurate orientation relationship between ferrite and austenite in low carbon martensite and granular bainite. Scripta Materialia, 47, 749-755.
[23] Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Edmonds, D. V. 1979. The Bainite Transformation in a silicon steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 10, 895–907.
[24] Lee, C. H., Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Lee, H. C. 2003. Effect of plastic deformation on the formation of acicular ferrite. Materials Science and Engineering A, 360, 249-257.
[25] Arici, G., Acarer, M., Uyaner, M. 2021. Effect of Co addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of new generation 3Cr-3W and 5Cr-3W steels. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 24(4), 974-989.
[26] Arici, G., Acarer, M., Uyaner, M. 2019. 3 ve 5 kromlu çeliklerde tantalyum ve krom ilavesinin mikroyapıya ve çentik darbe direncine etkisi. Selçuk-Teknik Dergisi, 18(3), 241-252.
[27] Tan, X., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Liu, Z., Wu, D. 2014. Effect of partitioning procedure on microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-rolled directly quenched and partitioned steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 594, 149–160.
[28] Tan, X., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Wu, D. 2014. Microstructure properties relationship in a onestep quenched and partitioned steel. Materials Science and Engineering A, 589, 101–111.
[29] Mijovilovich, A., Goncalves Vieira, A., Paniago, R., Pfannes, H. D., Mendonc Gonzalez, B. 2000. Mössbauer study of the retained austenitic phase in multiphase steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 283, 65-69.
[30] Xing, X. L., Zhou, Y. F., Yang, Y. L., Gao, S. Y., Ren, X. J., Yang, Q. X. 2015. Surface modification of low-carbon nano-crystallite bainite via laser remelting and following isothermal transformation. Applied Surface Science, 353, 184–188.
[31] Batz, W., Mead, H. W., Birchenall, C. E. 1952. Diffusion of Silicon in Iron. Journal of Metals, 4(10), 1070.
[32] Weber, E. R. 1983. Transition metals in silicon. Applied Physics A, 30(1), 1–22.
[33] Maalekian, M. 2007. The effects of alloying elements on steels. https://online.tugraz.at/tug_online/voe_main2.getvolltext?pCurrPk=32837 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2021).
[34] Aksoy, M., Kuzucu, V., Korkut, M. H. 1997. The influence of strong carbide-forming elements and homogenization on the wear resistance of ferritic stainless steel. Wear, 211, 265-270.
[35] Kuzucu, V., Aksoy, M., Korkut, M. H. 1998. The effect of strong carbide-forming elements such as Mo, Ti, V and Nb on the microstructure of ferritic stainless steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 82, 165–171.
[36] Barford, J., Owen, W. S. 1962. The effect of austenite grain size and temperature on the rate of bainite transformation. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 4, 359–360.
[37] Umemoto, M., Horiuchi, K., Tamura, I. 1982. Transformation Kinetics of Bainite during Isothermal Holding and Continuous Cooling. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 68, 461–470.
[38] Graham, L. W., Axon, H. J. 1959. The Effect of Austenitising Treatments on Formation of Lower Bainite in a Plain Carbon Steel. The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 191, 361–365.
[39] Gao, G., Zhang, H., Tan, Z., Liu, W., Bai, B. 2013. A carbide-free bainite/martensite/austenite triplex steel with enhanced mechanical properties treated by a novel quenching–partitioning–tempering process. Materials Science and Engineering A, 559, 165–169.
[40] Kral, M. V. Spanos, G. 1999. Three-dimensional analysis of proeutectoid cementite precipitates. Acta Materialia, 47(2), 711-724.
[41] Kral, M. V., Spanos, G. 2003. Crystallography of grain boundary cementite dendrites. Acta Materialia, 51, 301–311.
[42] Mangan, M. A., Kral, M. V. Spanos, G. 1999. Correlation between the crystallography and morphology of proeutectoid widmanstatten cementite precipitates. Acta Materialia, 47(17), 4263-4274.
[43] Al-Abbasi, F. M. 2010. Micromechanical modeling of ferrite-pearlite steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527, 6904–6916.
[44] Wang, J., Van der Wolk, P., Van der Zwaag, S. 2000. On the influence of alloying elements on the bainite reaction in low alloy steels during continuous cooling. Journal of Materials Science, 35, 4393–4404. [45] Chen, H., Zhu, K., Zhao, L., Van der Zwaag, S. 2013. Analysis of transformation stasis during the isothermal bainitic ferrite formation in Fe–C–Mn and Fe–C–Mn–Si alloys. Acta Materialia, 61, 5458–5468.
[46] Chen, H., Borgenstam, A., Odqvist, J., Zuazo, Goune, M., Agren, J., Zwaag, S. 2013. Application of interrupted cooling experiments to study the mechanism of bainitic ferrite formation in steels. Acta Materialia, 61, 4512–4523.
[47] Palmer, T. A., Elmer, J. W., Babu, S. S. 2004. Observations of ferrite/austenite transformations in the heat affected zone of 2205 duplex stainless steel spot welds using time resolved X-ray diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering A, 374, 307–321.
[48] Yuan, F., Bian, X., Jiang, P., Yang, M., Wu, X. 2015. Dynamic shear response and evolution mechanisms of adiabatic shear band in an ultrafine-grained austenite-ferrite duplex steel. Mechanics of Materials, 89, 47–58.
[49] Colvın, F.H. 2007. The working of steel annealing, heat treating and hardening of carbon and alloy steel. 2nd Edition. Mcgraw-Hıll Book Company. New York, 22s.
[50] Goune, M., Danoix, F., Agren, J., Brechet, Y., Hutchinson, C.R., Militzer, M., Purdy, G., Van der Zwaag, S., Zurob, H. 2015. Overview of the current issues in austenite to ferrite transformation and the role of migrating interfaces therein for low alloyed steels. Materials Science and Engineering R Reports, 92, 1–38.
[51] Miyamoto, G., Karube, Y., Tadashi Furuhara, T. 2016. Formation of grain boundary ferrite in eutectoid and hypereutectoid pearlitic steels. Acta Materialia, 103, 370-381.
[52] Shimizu, K., Kawabe, N. 2001. Size dependence of delamination of high-carbon steel wire. ISIJ International, 41, 183-191.
[53] Oki, Y., Ibaraki, N., Ochiai, K., Minamida, T., Makii, K. 2000. Microstructure influence on ultra high tensile steel cord filament delamination. R&D Kobe Steel Engineering Reports, 50, 37-41.
[54] Larn, R. H., Yang, J. R. 2000. The effect of compressive deformation of austenite on the bainitic ferrite transformation in Fe-Mn-Si-C steels. Materials Science and Engineering A, 278, 278–291.
[55] Caballero, F. G., Miller, M. K., Garcia-Mateo, C., Cornide, J. 2013. New experimental evidence of the diffusionless transformation nature of bainite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, 626–630.
[56] Hulme-Smith, C. N., Lonardelli, I., Dippel, A. C., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. 2013. Experimental evidence for non-cubic bainitic ferrite. Scripta Materialia, 69, 409–412.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Engineering
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Osman Armağan 0000-0002-7860-0909 Talip Kırındı 0000-0001-8574-1673
Project Number	2016/131
Publication Date	August 20, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2021

Cite

APA	Armağan, O., & Kırındı, T. (2021). Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.883257
AMA	Armağan O, Kırındı T. Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. August 2021;25(2):419-431. doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.883257
Chicago	Armağan, Osman, and Talip Kırındı. “Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25, no. 2 (August 2021): 419-31. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.883257.
EndNote	Armağan O, Kırındı T (August 1, 2021) Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25 2 419–431.
IEEE	O. Armağan and T. Kırındı, “Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys”, Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 419–431, 2021, doi: 10.19113/sdufenbed.883257.
ISNAD	Armağan, Osman - Kırındı, Talip. “Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25/2 (August 2021), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.883257.
JAMA	Armağan O, Kırındı T. Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. 2021;25:419–431.
MLA	Armağan, Osman and Talip Kırındı. “Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 2, 2021, pp. 419-31, doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.883257.
Vancouver	Armağan O, Kırındı T. Microstructure Investigation of Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si Alloys. Süleyman Demirel Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Derg. 2021;25(2):419-31.

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