KBRN Alanında Kimyasal Ajan Olarak Kullanılan Biber Gazlarında Başlıca Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Giriş: Araştırmada kullanılan biber gazları kargaşa kontrol ajanları grubunda yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada; ağır metal içerebileceğini düşündüğümüz topraklarda yetiştirilen biberlerin etken maddesi olan kapsaisin'den elde edilen biber gazlarının başlıca ağır metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Demir, krom, kobalt, bakır, kadmiyum, kurşun ve nikel olmak üzere toplam 7 ağır metalin varlığı araştırıldı. Biber gazı spreyleri mikrodalga yakma cihazı ile numune hazırlamaya tabi tutuldu. Daha sonra hazırlanan numunelerin ICP OES cihazı ile ağır metal analizleri yapıldı. Bulgular: Buna göre; yapılan ölçümler sonucunda numunelerin hiçbirinde Krom (Cr), Nikel (Ni), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Kobalt (Co) elementlerine rastlanmadı. Kurşun (Pb) miktarı 0,653±0,064 mg/kg, Demir (Fe) miktarı ise 5,246±0,000 mg/kg olarak belirlendi. Son olarak tek bir numunede tespit edilen Bakır (Cu) elementi 0,815 mg/kg olarak ölçülmüştür. Tartışma ve Sonuç: Biber gazının içeriğinin incelenmesi ve etken maddelerinin optimum oranlarının belirlenmesi konusunda laboratuvar ve klinik çalışmalarda da gerekli hassasiyetin gösterilmesi gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz. Biber gazının olası etkilerinin ne olduğu, hangi durumlarda kullanılması gerektiği gibi konularda tanıtım broşürleri hazırlanması, bilgilendirici kamu spotları hazırlanması, yol açabileceği sağlık sorunları konusunda kamuoyunun bilgilendirilmesinin biber gazının bilinçli kullanımını artıracağını öngörmekteyiz.

Keywords

• Ağır Metal,
• Biber Gazı
• KBRN

Determination of Major Heavy Metal Levels in Pepper Gas Used as Chemical Agents in CBRN Field

Abstract

Introduction: The pepper gases used in the study are in the group of riot control agents. In this study; It was aimed to determine the main heavy metal levels of pepper gases obtained from capsaicin, the active ingredient of peppers grown in soil that we think may contain heavy metals. Material and Method: The presence of a total of 7 heavy metals, including iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead and nickel, was investigated. The pepper gas sprays were subjected to sample preparation with a microwave combustion device. Then, heavy metal analyzes of the prepared samples were carried out with the ICP OES device. Results: According to this; As a result of the measurements, Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) elements were not found in any of the samples. The amount of Lead (Pb) was determined as 0.653±0.064 mg/kg, and the amount of Iron (Fe) was 5.246±0.000 mg/kg. Finally, the Copper (Cu) element detected in a single sample was measured as 0.815 mg/kg. Discussion and Conclusion: We also think that the necessary sensitivity should be shown in laboratory and clinical studies to examine the content of pepper spray and to determine the optimum ratios of its active ingredients. We foresee that preparing promotional brochures, informative public service ads on topics such as what pepper gas is in what situations pepper gas should be used, and informing the public about the health problems it may cause will increase the conscious use of pepper gas.

Keywords

• heavy metal; pepper gas; CBRN
• inhalation
• public health.

References

1. [1] Doğan G 2019. Study to determine the information, training and exercise needs of institutions against CBRN incidents: the example of Gümüşhane and Trabzon provinces. Gümüşhane University, Social Sciences Institute, Master's thesis, Gümüşhane / Turkey.
2. [2] Kızılkaya M 2021. Determination of the preparedness perceptions and knowledge levels of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University emergency aid and disaster management department students against CBRN events. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Master's thesis, Çanakkale / Turkey.
3. [3] Erkekoğlu P, Koçer GB 2018. Chemical Warfare Agents: Their History, Toxicity, Detection, and Preparedness. HU J. Pharm. 38:24-38.
4. [4] de Bruin-Hoegée M, Alkema DPW, Busker RW, Joosen MJA, van Wuijckhuijse, AL 2023. Real-time characterization of chemical threat agent aerosols for improvement of inhalation studies. Inhalation Toxicology, 35:254-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2023.2254323
5. [5] Turkish Medical Association 2011. Chemical weapons demonstration control agents. 1st Edition, Ankara: TTB Publishing. 7-8. ISBN 978-605-5867-49-2
6. [6] Gören İE, Dağlıoğlu N, Efeoğlu P, Gülmen MK 2014. Forensic Toxicological Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents and Metabolites in Biological Samples. J. For. Med. 28:154-163. doi: 10.5505/adlitip.2014.52196
7. [7] Sezigen S, Karayılanoğlu T 2006. Effects of Chemical Warfare Agents on the Respiratory System and Treatment Approaches. Turkish Hij Den Bio J. 63:129-134. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/thdbd/issue/63977/968188.
8. [8] Özbolat G, Tuli A 2016. Effects of heavy metal toxicity on human health. Arch. Med. Rev. J.25:502-521. doi:10.17827/aktd.253562

9. [9] Sönmez O, Kılıç FN 2021. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Removal Methods. TURKAGER, 2:493-507. https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i02.020
10. [10] Polat M, Ogut S 2018. Heavy metals in some medicinal plants sold in herbal shops. Fresenius Environ Bull. 27:1999-2002.
11. [11] Adepoju A, Jalloh A, Femi-Adepoju A 2023. Heavy Metal Contaminants in Popularly-consumed Vegetables of Freetown, Sierra Leone. European j. nutr. food saf. 15:12-21. doi: 10.9734/EJNFS/2023/v15i31297
12. [12] Grace FA, Adewale OO, Olawale AI, Keji BB 2020. Assessment of Heavy Metals in Peppers Sold in Major Markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria. Int. j. adv. res. chem. sci 7:01-08. doi: https:// doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0709001
13. [13] Young E, Tarawou T 2014. Determination of metals in pepper by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Int. j. biol. chem. sci. s. 8:2891-2895. doi:10.4314/ijbcs.v8i6.45.
14. [14] Ugulu I, Akhter P, Khan ZI, Akhtar M, Ahmad K 2021. Trace metal accumulation in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown using organic fertilizers and health risk assessment from consumption. Food Res. Int. 140:109992. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109992.
15. [15] Özyürek F 2016. Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) accumulation in vegetables irrigated with different water sources in Nevşehir. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Institute of Science and Technology, Master's thesis. Nevşehir/Turkey.
16. [16] Tulga T. 2011. Experimental Investigation of the Histopathological Effect of Pepper Spray Application on the Airway. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Specialization Thesis. Samsun/Turkey.
17. [17] Seyhan E. 2010. Effect of Pepper Spray on Some Biochemical Parameters in Rats.Yüzüncüyıl University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Doctoral Thesis. Van/Turkey.
18. [18] Brown L, Takeuchi D, Challoner K 2000. Corneal abrasions associated with pepper spray exposure. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 18: 271–272. doi: 10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90120-7
19. [19] Dursun AZ, Sarı S, Özkök A, Derinöz O, Akar T, Demirel B 2015. Evaluation of Cases Exposed to Pepper Spray Who Admitted to Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Gazi Hospital Pediatric Emergency Department. Gazi Med. J., 26: 110. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12996/gmj.2015.33