Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Polipirol ile Modifiye Edilmiş Kalem Grafit Elektrot Kullanılarak Sefuroksim Aksetilin Elektrokimyasal Tayini

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1 , 156 - 166 , 20.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1878066
https://izlik.org/JA97DW58GL

Abstract

Sefuroksim aksetil (CEFA), ikinci nesil sefalosporin grubu bir antibiyotik olup, gram pozitif ve gram negatif mikroorganizmalara karşı geniş spektrumlu antimikrobiyal ve antibakteriyel etki göstermektedir. Klinik uygulamalarda üst ve alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, idrar yolu enfeksiyonları ile deri ve yumuşak doku enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sefuroksim aksetilin elektroanalitik tayini amacıyla kalem grafit elektrot (PGE) yüzeyi, pirolün elektropolimerizasyonu yoluyla polipirol (PPy) filmi ile modifiye edilmiştir. Elde edilen modifiye elektrot (PPy/PGE) kullanılarak sefuroksim aksetilin elektroanalitik davranışı ve nicel tayini voltametrik yöntemle incelenmiştir. PGE’nin pirol ile modifikasyonunda dönüşümlü voltametri (CV) tekniği kullanılırken, analitik ölçümler diferansiyel puls voltametrisi (DPV) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. PPy/PGE elektrot için en uygun elektrot hazırlama koşulları; polimerizasyon döngü sayısı 8, tarama hızı 100 mV/s ve ortam pH’ı 6 olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimize edilen koşullar altında, sulu çözelti ortamında 0,1–1,4 ppm derişim aralığında doğrusal bir kalibrasyon grafiği elde edilmiş olup korelasyon katsayısı (r²) 0,9993 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yöntemin tespit sınırı 0,0406 ppm olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca geliştirilen elektroanalitik yöntemin gerçek numune (idrar numunesi) analizlerinde yüksek geri kazanım değerleri verdiği gözlenmiş olup, PPy/PGE elektrodun sefuroksim aksetilin tayininde güvenilir ve uygulanabilir bir elektrokimyasal sensör olarak kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Geliştirilen voltametrik yöntem, sefuroksim aksetilin biyolojik örneklerde hızlı, duyarlı ve düşük maliyetli tayini için uygulanabilir bir analitik yaklaşım sunmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Pancu DF, Scurtu A, Macasoi IG, Marti D, Mioc M, Soica C, Dehelean C. Antibiotics: conventional therapy and natural compounds with antibacterial activity—a pharmaco-toxicological screening. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(4), 401. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10040401
  • 2. Bush K. Past and present perspectives on β-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2018; 62(10), e01076-18. doi:10.1128/AAC.01076-18
  • 3. Perry CM, Brogden RN. Cefuroxime axetil: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1996; 52(1), 125-158. doi:10.2165/00003495-199652010-00009
  • 4. Arslan M, Erbil N. Sefalosporin grubu bir antibiyotik olan Sefuroksim Aksetil (Aksef®)’in Antibakteriyel ve Mutajenik Etkisinin Belirlenmesi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016; 19(4), 388–392.
  • 5. Kablan SE, Özaltın N. Voltammetric determination of cefuroxime axetil in pharmaceuticals using graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode and hanging mercury drop electrode. Russ. J. Electrochem. 2019; 55, 305-313. doi:10.1134/S1023193519030078
  • 6. Kablan SE, Özaltın N. Investigation of electrochemical behaviour of cefuroxime axetil using hanging mercury drop electrode and graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem, 2017; 785, 144-151. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.030
  • 7. Pritam J, Manish P, Sanjay S. Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric method for determination of cefuroxime axetil in bulk and in formulation. Int. J. Drug. Dev. Res. 2011; 3(4), 318-322. doi:10.3329/jsr.v6i1.14879
  • 8. Ranjane PN, Gandhi SV, Kadukar SS, Ranher SS. Simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in tablet dosage form using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chin. J. Chromatogr. 2008; 26(6), 763-765. doi:10.1016/s1872-2059(08)60033-4
  • 9. Krzek J, Dąbrowska-Tylka M. Simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime in pharmaceutical preparations by thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. Chromatographia. 2003; 58(3), 231-234. doi:10.1365/s10337-003-0039-1
  • 10. Turan A, Kadıoğlu Y. Determination of Cefuroxime Axetil in Tablet by HPLC, UV and First-Order Derivative Spectroscopy Methods & Plasma by UV Spectroscopy Method. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2023; 10(2), 541-548. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1222357
  • 11. Aleksić MM, Lijeskić N, Pantić J, Kapetanović VP. Electrochemical behaviour and differential pulse voltammetric determination of ceftazidime, cefuroxime axetil and ceftriaxone. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology. 2013; 11(1), 55–66. doi:10.2298/FUPCT1301055A
  • 12. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications. 2nd Ed. 850 pages. John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
  • 13. Güler Akyüz B, Perçin Özkorucuklu S, Kır E. Modifiye Grafit Elektrotlar Kullanılarak Bazı Tetrasiklinlerin Elektrokimyasal Davranışlarının İncelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science. 2021; 25(3), 513–518. doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.852801
  • 14. Sofu Ü, Öztürk G, Reis HA, Erdemir F, Kul D. Enhancing Melatonin Analysis: Unveiling A Novel Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Human Fluid Matrices and Pharmaceutical Samples. Electroanalysis. 2025; 37:e70039. doi: 10.1002/elan.70039
  • 15. Güler Akyüz B, Perçin Özkorucuklu S, Kır E, Yıldırım Baştemur G. Determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage, human serum and urine using moleculary imprinted polymer modified electrode by voltammetry. European Journal of Science and Technology. 2020; 20, 859–865. doi:10.31590/ejosat.796654
  • 16. Yaman YT, Abacı S. Moleküler baskılanmış/altın nanoparçacık-peptit nanotüp ile fonksiyonelleştirilmiş tek kullanımlık biyoçip ile ıl-6 tayini. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2022; 10, 1263–1286. doi:10.29130/dubited.1003867
  • 17. Sardohan Köseoğlu T, Demirhan S. Voltammetric determination of cloxacillin used as an antibiotic drug for the treatment of several bacteria infections with nanowire-structured electrodes. Microchemical Journal. 2025; 219-115866. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.115866
  • 18. Özcan L, Şahin Y. Determination of Paracetamol Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2007; 127(2), 362-369. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.04.034
  • 19. Amani-Beni Z, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A. NiO Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Sulfasalazine Sensor. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2018; 1031, 47-59. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.002

Electrochemical Determination of Cefuroxime Axetil Using a Polypyrrole-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1 , 156 - 166 , 20.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1878066
https://izlik.org/JA97DW58GL

Abstract

Cefuroxime axetil (CEFA) is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. It is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, as well as skin and soft tissue infections. In this study, the surface of a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified with a polypyrrole (PPy) film via the electropolymerization of pyrrole in order to achieve the electroanalytical determination of cefuroxime axetil. Using the resulting modified electrode (PPy/PGE), the electroanalytical behavior and quantitative determination of cefuroxime axetil were investigated by voltammetric methods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed for the modification of the PGE with pyrrole, whereas differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for analytical measurements. The optimum electrode preparation conditions for the PPy/PGE electrode were determined as 8 polymerization cycles, a scan rate of 100 mV/s, and a pH of 6. Under the optimized conditions, a linear calibration plot was obtained in the concentration range of 0.1-1.4 ppm in aqueous solution, with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.9993. The limit of detection was found to be 0.0406 ppm. In addition, the developed electroanalytical method provided high recovery values in real sample (urine sample) analyses, demonstrating that the PPy/PGE electrode can be used as a reliable and applicable electrochemical sensor for the determination of cefuroxime axetil. The proposed voltammetric method offers a rapid, sensitive, and low-cost analytical approach for the determination of cefuroxime axetil in biological samples.

References

  • 1. Pancu DF, Scurtu A, Macasoi IG, Marti D, Mioc M, Soica C, Dehelean C. Antibiotics: conventional therapy and natural compounds with antibacterial activity—a pharmaco-toxicological screening. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(4), 401. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10040401
  • 2. Bush K. Past and present perspectives on β-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2018; 62(10), e01076-18. doi:10.1128/AAC.01076-18
  • 3. Perry CM, Brogden RN. Cefuroxime axetil: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1996; 52(1), 125-158. doi:10.2165/00003495-199652010-00009
  • 4. Arslan M, Erbil N. Sefalosporin grubu bir antibiyotik olan Sefuroksim Aksetil (Aksef®)’in Antibakteriyel ve Mutajenik Etkisinin Belirlenmesi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016; 19(4), 388–392.
  • 5. Kablan SE, Özaltın N. Voltammetric determination of cefuroxime axetil in pharmaceuticals using graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode and hanging mercury drop electrode. Russ. J. Electrochem. 2019; 55, 305-313. doi:10.1134/S1023193519030078
  • 6. Kablan SE, Özaltın N. Investigation of electrochemical behaviour of cefuroxime axetil using hanging mercury drop electrode and graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem, 2017; 785, 144-151. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.030
  • 7. Pritam J, Manish P, Sanjay S. Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric method for determination of cefuroxime axetil in bulk and in formulation. Int. J. Drug. Dev. Res. 2011; 3(4), 318-322. doi:10.3329/jsr.v6i1.14879
  • 8. Ranjane PN, Gandhi SV, Kadukar SS, Ranher SS. Simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in tablet dosage form using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chin. J. Chromatogr. 2008; 26(6), 763-765. doi:10.1016/s1872-2059(08)60033-4
  • 9. Krzek J, Dąbrowska-Tylka M. Simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime in pharmaceutical preparations by thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. Chromatographia. 2003; 58(3), 231-234. doi:10.1365/s10337-003-0039-1
  • 10. Turan A, Kadıoğlu Y. Determination of Cefuroxime Axetil in Tablet by HPLC, UV and First-Order Derivative Spectroscopy Methods & Plasma by UV Spectroscopy Method. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2023; 10(2), 541-548. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1222357
  • 11. Aleksić MM, Lijeskić N, Pantić J, Kapetanović VP. Electrochemical behaviour and differential pulse voltammetric determination of ceftazidime, cefuroxime axetil and ceftriaxone. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology. 2013; 11(1), 55–66. doi:10.2298/FUPCT1301055A
  • 12. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications. 2nd Ed. 850 pages. John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
  • 13. Güler Akyüz B, Perçin Özkorucuklu S, Kır E. Modifiye Grafit Elektrotlar Kullanılarak Bazı Tetrasiklinlerin Elektrokimyasal Davranışlarının İncelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science. 2021; 25(3), 513–518. doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.852801
  • 14. Sofu Ü, Öztürk G, Reis HA, Erdemir F, Kul D. Enhancing Melatonin Analysis: Unveiling A Novel Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Human Fluid Matrices and Pharmaceutical Samples. Electroanalysis. 2025; 37:e70039. doi: 10.1002/elan.70039
  • 15. Güler Akyüz B, Perçin Özkorucuklu S, Kır E, Yıldırım Baştemur G. Determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage, human serum and urine using moleculary imprinted polymer modified electrode by voltammetry. European Journal of Science and Technology. 2020; 20, 859–865. doi:10.31590/ejosat.796654
  • 16. Yaman YT, Abacı S. Moleküler baskılanmış/altın nanoparçacık-peptit nanotüp ile fonksiyonelleştirilmiş tek kullanımlık biyoçip ile ıl-6 tayini. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2022; 10, 1263–1286. doi:10.29130/dubited.1003867
  • 17. Sardohan Köseoğlu T, Demirhan S. Voltammetric determination of cloxacillin used as an antibiotic drug for the treatment of several bacteria infections with nanowire-structured electrodes. Microchemical Journal. 2025; 219-115866. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.115866
  • 18. Özcan L, Şahin Y. Determination of Paracetamol Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2007; 127(2), 362-369. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.04.034
  • 19. Amani-Beni Z, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A. NiO Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Sulfasalazine Sensor. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2018; 1031, 47-59. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.002
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İlkay Konçe 0000-0003-3542-7090

Mustafa Mert Metin 0009-0004-1020-5066

Tuğba Sardohan Köseoğlu 0000-0002-0707-9191

Esengül Kır 0000-0002-6641-3444

Submission Date January 30, 2026
Acceptance Date March 5, 2026
Publication Date April 20, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1878066
IZ https://izlik.org/JA97DW58GL
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver 1.İlkay Konçe, Mustafa Mert Metin, Tuğba Sardohan Köseoğlu, Esengül Kır. Polipirol ile Modifiye Edilmiş Kalem Grafit Elektrot Kullanılarak Sefuroksim Aksetilin Elektrokimyasal Tayini. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Apr. 1;17(1):156-6. doi:10.22312/sdusbed.1878066