The Effects of Smoking on Postural Control

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare postural control functions according to smoking duration in individuals aged 19-55. Material Method: A total of 30 volunteer adults, 15 males and 15 females, were included in our study between the ages of 19-55 (mean age 28.9±8.2 years). Participants were divided into 3 groups. 10 individuals smoking over 10 years in Group 1, 10 individuals smoking 10 years or less in group 2 and 10 non-passive smokers in their lifetime were included in the control group. All participants were subjected to the Tandem Walking, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance(mCTSIB) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the tandem walking test (p=0.043) performed with eyes closed at the arms and behind, and in the soft floor closed eyes position (Position 4) in the mCITSB test (p=0.028). A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the time to complete the TUG test (p=0.001) and the reach distance in FUT (p=0.006). It was found that smoking duration in tandem walking, mCTSIB and FUT, and smoking in ZKYT negatively affected postural control. Conclusion: Increased smoking duration was found to be effective in impairing the postural control of individuals.

Sigara Kullanımının Postüral Kontrol Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı 19-55 yaş arası bireylerde sigara kullanım süresine göre postüral kontrol fonksiyonlarının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Materyal Metot: Çalışmamıza 19-55 yaş aralığında (ort yaş 28.9±8.2 yıl) 15 erkek 15 kadın olmak üzere toplam 30 gönüllü yetişkin dahil edildi. Bireyler 3 gruba ayrıldı. 10 yıl üzerinde sigara kullanan 10 birey 1. Gruba, 10 yıl ve altında sigara kullanan 10 birey 2.gruba ve yaşamı boyunca hiç sigara kullanmamış ve pasif içici olmayan 10 birey kontrol grubuna dahil edildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm katılımcılara 6 farklı pozisyonda Tandem Yürüyüş Testi, Zamanlı Kalk Yürü Testi (ZKYT), Modifiye Denge Duyu İnteraksiyonu Kinik Testi (mCTSIB) ve Fonksiyonel Uzanma Testi (FUT) uygulandı. Bulgular: Kollar arkada gözler kapalı pozisyonda yapılan tandem yürüyüş testinde (p=0,043) ve mCITSB testi yumuşak zemin gözler kapalı pozisyonunda (Pozisyon 4) gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptandı (p=0,028). ZKYT testini tamamlama süreleri (p=0,001) ve FUT’da uzanma mesafesi açısından gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark elde edildi (p=0,006). Tandem yürüyüş, mCTSIB ve FUT’ta sigara kullanma süresinin, ZKYT’de ise sigara kullanmanın postüral kontrolü olumsuz etkilediği bulundu.
Sonuç: Sigara kullanım süresinin artmasının, bireylerin postüral kontrolünün bozulmasında etkili olduğu saptandı.

Keywords

• Postüral Kontrol
• Sigara
• Denge
• Nikotin

References

1. 1. Oğuztürk BS, Gülcü Y. Türkiye’de sigara tüketimini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2012;4(2):99-105.
2. 2. Taghavi S, Khashyarmanesh Z, Moalemzadeh-Haghighi H, Nassirli H, Eshraghi P, Jalali N, et al. Nicotine content of domestic cigarettes, imported cigarettes and pipe tobacco in Iran. Addiction & health. 2012;4(1-2):28.
3. 3. Sibony PA, Evinger C, Manning KA. Tabacco‐induced primary‐position upbeat nystagmus. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. 1987;21(1):53-8.
4. 4. Vidal P-P, Vibert N, Serafin M, Babalian A, Mühlethaler M, De Waele C. Intrinsic physiological and pharmacological properties of central vestibular neurons. Vestibular Dysfunction and Its Therapy. 55: Karger Publishers; 1999. p. 26-81.
5. 5. Pereira C, Strupp M, Eggert T, Straube A, Brandt T. Nicotine-induced nystagmus: three-dimensional analysis and dependence on head position. Neurology. 2000;55(10):1563-6.
6. 6. Brandt T, Strupp M. General vestibular testing. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2005;116(2):406-26.
7. 7. Schmidt TP, Pennington DL, Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ. Postural stability in cigarette smokers and during abstinence from alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2014;38(6):1753-60.
8. 8. Saito T, Miyatake N, Nishii K. Relationship between cigarette smoking and one leg with eyes closed balance in Japanese men. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2015;20(5):388-91.

9. 9. Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson P, Robinson J, McCredie R, Donald A, et al. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(3):150-4.
10. 10. Yokus B, Mete N, Cakir U, Toprak G. Effects of active and passive smoking on antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant micronutrients. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2005;19(3):117-23.
11. 11. Selçuk R, Tarakçı D, Taşkıran H, Algun ZC. Özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuklarda çift görev odaklı denge egzersizlerinin denge ve öğrenme üzerine etkisi. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation.5(2):65-73.
12. 12. Lotfi Y, Javanbakht M, Sayaf M, Bakhshi E. Modified clinical test of sensory interaction on balance test use for assessing effectiveness of Epley maneuver in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients rehabilitation. Auditory and Vestibular Research. 2018;27(1):12-8.
13. 13. Lin MR, Hwang HF, Hu MH, Wu HDI, Wang YW, Huang FC. Psychometric comparisons of the timed up and go, one‐leg stand, functional reach, and Tinetti balance measures in community‐dwelling older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(8):1343-8.
14. 14. Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. Journal of gerontology. 1990;45(6):M192-M7.
15. 15. Arday DR, Milton MH, Husten CG, Haffer SC, Wheeless SC, Jones SM, et al. Smoking and functional status among Medicare managed care enrollees. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003;24(3):234-41.
16. 16. Guralnik JM, Kaplan GA. Predictors of healthy aging: prospective evidence from the Alameda County study. American journal of public health. 1989;79(6):703-8.
17. 17. Støvring N, Avlund K, Schultz-Larsen K, Schroll M. The cumulative effect of smoking at age 50, 60, and 70 on functional ability at age 75. Scandinavian journal of public health. 2004;32(4):296-302.
18. 18. Moreland JD, Richardson JA, Goldsmith CH, Clase CM. Muscle weakness and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(7):1121-9.
19. 19. Stewart RD. The effect of carbon monoxide on humans. Annual review of pharmacology. 1975;15(1):409-23.
20. 20. Young RP, Hopkins RJ, Christmas T, Black PN, Metcalf P, Gamble G. COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history. European Respiratory Journal. 2009;34(2):380-6.
21. 21. Janssens L, Brumagne S, McConnell AK, Claeys K, Pijnenburg M, Burtin C, et al. Proprioceptive changes impair balance control in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS one. 2013;8(3).
22. 22. Barreiro E, Peinado VI, Galdiz JB, Ferrer E, Marin-Corral J, Sánchez F, et al. Cigarette smoke–induced oxidative stress: a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease skeletal muscle dysfunction. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2010;182(4):477-88.
23. 23. Oku H, Fukushima K, Sako H, Namba T, Wakakura M. Chronic toxicity of tobacco smoke on the visual system. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1989;93(5):617-24.
24. 24. Faden A, Mendoza E, Flynn F. Subclinical neuropathy associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: possible pathophysiologic role of smoking. Archives of neurology. 1981;38(10):639-42.
25. 25. Nedergaard OA, Schrold J. The mechanism of action of nicotine on vascular adrenergic neuroeffector transmission. European journal of pharmacology. 1977;42(4):315-29.
26. 26. Starck J, Toppila E, Pyykkö I. Smoking as a risk factor in sensory neural hearing loss among workers exposed to occupational noise. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1999;119(3):302-5.
27. 27. Iki M, Ishizaki H, Aalto H, Starck J, Pyykkö I. Smoking habits and postural stability. American journal of otolaryngology. 1994;15(2):124-8.
28. 28. HECKERLING PS, LEIKIN JB, MATUREN A, PERKINS JT. Predictors of occult carbon monoxide poisoning in patients with headache and dizziness. Annals of internal medicine. 1987;107(2):174-6.
29. 29. Horvath S, Dahms T, O’Hanlon J. Carbon monoxide and human capacity at different levels of carboxyhemoglobin. Arch Environ Health. 1971;23:343-7.