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Perinatal Dönemde Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 Yönetimi

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 475 - 485, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Aralık 2019’da Çin’de ortaya çıkan Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19), Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu Koronavirüs-2'nin (SARS-CoV-2) neden olduğu bulaşıcılığı yüksek bir hastalıktır. Mart 2020 tarihinde Türkiye’de de ortaya çıkan COVID-19, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir. Dünya nüfusu bu salgın nedeniyle, sağlık ihtiyaçlarına yönelik dramatik değişikliklere tanıklık etmektedir. Gebeler, bağışıklık sisteminde ve anatomilerinde meydana gelen değişikliklerden dolayı virüse karşı daha duyarlıdır. Bu nedenle COVID-19 salgını gebelerde ciddi sağlık sonuçları ortaya çıkarabilir. Literatürde, gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrası süreçlerde COVID-19 olan gebe kadınların klinik görünümü ve perinatal sonuçları hakkında sınırlı veriler bulunmaktadır. Gebe kadında COVID-19’dan şüphelenilmesi veya doğrulanması durumunda; doğumun zamanlamasının belirlenmesinde, sezaryen endikasyonlarının değerlendirilmesinde, enfeksiyonu önlemek için doğum odasının hazırlanmasında, anestezi tipinin seçilmesinde daha dikkatli olunması önerilmektedir. Mevcut sınırlı kanıtlar göz önüne alındığında, yenidoğanın ve annenin özel bakımının gerekmediği doğum sonrası dönemde birlikte olmaları tavsiye edilmektedir. Anne sütü bir bulaşma aracı olarak kabul edilmemektedir. Ayrıca anne ve bebeğin ayrılması, emzirme ve anne bebek bağlanması üzerindeki potansiyel zararlı etkileri nedeniyle önerilmemektedir. COVID-19 ile enfekte olan bir gebenin, maternal ve fetal/yenidoğan morbiditesi ve mortalitesini azaltmak için multidisipliner bir ekip tarafından obstetrik bakımın verilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Multidisipliner ekibin bir parçası olan hemşire ve ebeler, bakım sürecinde kadınlar ile en uzun süre birlikte olan sağlık profesyoneli olmaları nedeniyle anne ve fetüs/yenidoğanın durumunda meydana gelebilecek değişiklikleri erken dönemde belirleyebilmekte ve bu şekilde ekibinin karar verme sürecine güçlü bir destek oluşturabilmektedir. Bu makalede tüm dünyada yayılarak küresel bir boyut kazanan COVID-19’un gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrası süreçlere etkilerinin ve hastalığın yönetiminin literatür eşliğinde tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

References

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  • 2. Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C, et al. Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020; 149(2):130-36.
  • 3. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 4. Worl Health Organization. Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 [Internet]. 11 March 2020. [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 5. Dashraath P, Jing Lin Jeslyn W, Mei Xian Karen L, Li Min L, Sarah L, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajog.2020.03.021. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 6. Worl Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. 9 November 2020 [cited 2020 November 10]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/table?tableDay=yesterday
  • 7. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Günlük Koronavirüs Tablosu [Internet]. 9 Kasım 2020 [alıntı 10 Kasım 2020]. Erişim: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • 8. Liang H, Acharya G. Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; 99(4): 439-42.
  • 9. Qi H, Luo X, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Li J, Zou L, et al. Safe Delivery for COVID‐19 Infected Pregnancies. BJOG. 2020; doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16231. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 10. Ashokka B, Loh M-H, Tan CH, SU LL, Young BE, Lye DC, et al. Care of the Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 in Labor and Delivery: Anesthesia, Emergency cesarean delivery, Differential diagnosis in the acutely ill parturient, Care of the newborn, and Protection of the healthcare personnel, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.005. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 11. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Coronavirus infection and pregnancy [Internet]. 9 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/coronavirus pregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/
  • 12. Uytenbogaardt, A. Does COVID-19 affect pregnant women?. Br J Midwifery. 2020; 28(4), 1.
  • 13. Schwartz DA, Graham AL. Potential maternal and ınfant outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV ınfecting pregnant women: lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus ınfections. Viruses. 2020; 12(2); E194
  • 14. Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women?. Lancet. 2020; 395(10226): 760‐762.
  • 15. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 193: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Correction. Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 133(5):1059.
  • 16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What are Birth Defects? [Internet]. 5 December 2019 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html
  • 17. Kochanek KD, Kirmeyer SE, Martin JA, Strobino DM, Guyer B. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(2): 338–48.
  • 18. Zhang C, Sun Q, Feng L. “Cloud Maternal Care” strategies during the outbreak of COVID‐19 (Chinese). Progress Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 29(3):165‐166.
  • 19. Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D. The impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 14(9): e0222566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0222566
  • 20. Zhu H, Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:51-60.
  • 21. Chen H, Guo JMS, Chen W, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020 ;395(10226): 809-15.
  • 22. Chua M, Lee J, Sulaiman S, Tan HK. From the frontline of COVID-19 - How prepared are we as obstetricians: A commentary. BJOG. 2020; https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/1471-0528.16192. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 23. Baud D, Giannoni E, Pomar L, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women. Authors’ reply . Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30192-4. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 24. Favre G, Pomar L, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Baud D. Guidelines for pregnant women with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473- 3099(20)30157-2. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 25. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wang J, Liu C, Yang J. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. Jama. 2020; doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 26. Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, Tang Y, Deng Q, Zhang W, et al. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. Jama. 2020; doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4861. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 27. Kimberlin DW, Stagno S. Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired In Utero?: More Definitive Evidence Is Needed. JAMA. 2020; doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4868. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 28. Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; doi: 10.1111/aogs.13867. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 29. Office of the National Health Commission, Office of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection (Interim Version 6, the Revision) 2020 [Internet]. 18 February 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: http://www.kankyokansen.org/uploads/uploads/files/jsipc/protocol_V6.pdf
  • 30. Maxwell C, McGeer A, Tai KFY, Sermer M. No. 225-Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017; 39(8): e130-e7.
  • 31. Davanzo R, Moro G., Sandri F, Agosti M, Moretti C, Mosca F. Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease-2019. Ad interim indications of the Italian society of neonatology endorsed by the union of European neonatal & perinatal societies. Matern Child Nutr. 2020; doi: 10.1111/mcn.13010. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 32. World Health Organization. Q&A on COVID-19, pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. 28 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-and-breastfeeding
  • 33. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Statement on coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 10 March 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.bfmed.org/abm-statement-coronavirus
  • 34. Binns CW, Lee MK. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months: the WHO six months recommendation in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014; 23: 344-350.
  • 35. World Health Organization. Implementation guidance: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services – the revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272943
  • 36. Royal College Of Obstetricians & Gynaecologist (RCOG). Guidance for antenatal and postnatal services in the evolving coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic [Internet]. 30 March 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-03-30-guidance-for-antenatal-and-postnatal-services-in-the-evolving-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-20200331.pdf
  • 37. World Health Organization. Nursing and midwifery 2020 [Internet]. 30 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/nursing-and-midwifery
  • 38. Wilson A, Ravaldi C, Scoullar MJL, Vogel JP, Szabo RA, Fisher JRW, Homer CSE. Caring for the carers: Ensuring the provision of quality maternity care during a global pandemic, Women Birth. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.03.011. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergency Responders: Tips for Taking Care of Yourself [Internet]. CDC, Atlanta, USA, 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/responders.asp
  • 40. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 23 April 23 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice advisory/articles/2020/03/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • 41. Ravaldi C, Levi M, Angeli E, Romeo G, Biffino M, Bonaiuti R, Vannacci A. Stillbirth and perinatal care: are professionals trained to address parents’ needs? Midwifery. 2018; 64: 53–59.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Management in the Perinatal Period

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 475 - 485, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which appears in China in December 2019, is a highly contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19, which also appeared in Turkey in March 2020, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Dramatic changes to health needs is witnessed due to COVID-19Due to changes in their immune system and anatomy, pregnant women are more sensitive to COVID-19 which may cause serious health consequences. In the literature, limited data are available on the clinical and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum processes. In case pregnant woman is suspected or confirmed of COVID-19; it is recommended to be more careful in determining the timing of delivery, evaluating the cesarean indications, preparing the delivery room to prevent infection, and choosing the type of anesthesia. Given the limited evidence available, Unless special care is not required, the newborn and mother should not be separated in the postpartum period to prevent potential harmful effects on breastfeeding and mother infant attachment. Breast milk is not considered a means of contamination. It is vital to offer an obstetric care given by a multidisciplinary team to a pregnant woman infected with COVID-19 to reduce maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. Nurses and midwives, who are part of the multidisciplinary team, can identify variations in the condition of the mother and fetus/newborn in early stages owing to spending longest time in the care process of women as a health professionals, consequently contribute a strong support to the team's decision-making process. In this article, it is aimed to discuss the effects of COVID-19, which becomes a global phenomena by spreading all over the world, on pregnancy, birth and postpartum processes and management of the disease in the light of the literature.

References

  • 1. Yang H, Wang C, Poon LC. Novel coronavirus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 55(4):435-37.
  • 2. Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C, et al. Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020; 149(2):130-36.
  • 3. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 4. Worl Health Organization. Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 [Internet]. 11 March 2020. [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 5. Dashraath P, Jing Lin Jeslyn W, Mei Xian Karen L, Li Min L, Sarah L, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajog.2020.03.021. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 6. Worl Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. 9 November 2020 [cited 2020 November 10]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/table?tableDay=yesterday
  • 7. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Günlük Koronavirüs Tablosu [Internet]. 9 Kasım 2020 [alıntı 10 Kasım 2020]. Erişim: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • 8. Liang H, Acharya G. Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; 99(4): 439-42.
  • 9. Qi H, Luo X, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Li J, Zou L, et al. Safe Delivery for COVID‐19 Infected Pregnancies. BJOG. 2020; doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16231. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 10. Ashokka B, Loh M-H, Tan CH, SU LL, Young BE, Lye DC, et al. Care of the Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 in Labor and Delivery: Anesthesia, Emergency cesarean delivery, Differential diagnosis in the acutely ill parturient, Care of the newborn, and Protection of the healthcare personnel, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.005. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 11. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Coronavirus infection and pregnancy [Internet]. 9 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/coronavirus pregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/
  • 12. Uytenbogaardt, A. Does COVID-19 affect pregnant women?. Br J Midwifery. 2020; 28(4), 1.
  • 13. Schwartz DA, Graham AL. Potential maternal and ınfant outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV ınfecting pregnant women: lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus ınfections. Viruses. 2020; 12(2); E194
  • 14. Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women?. Lancet. 2020; 395(10226): 760‐762.
  • 15. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 193: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Correction. Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 133(5):1059.
  • 16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What are Birth Defects? [Internet]. 5 December 2019 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html
  • 17. Kochanek KD, Kirmeyer SE, Martin JA, Strobino DM, Guyer B. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(2): 338–48.
  • 18. Zhang C, Sun Q, Feng L. “Cloud Maternal Care” strategies during the outbreak of COVID‐19 (Chinese). Progress Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 29(3):165‐166.
  • 19. Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D. The impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 14(9): e0222566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0222566
  • 20. Zhu H, Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:51-60.
  • 21. Chen H, Guo JMS, Chen W, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020 ;395(10226): 809-15.
  • 22. Chua M, Lee J, Sulaiman S, Tan HK. From the frontline of COVID-19 - How prepared are we as obstetricians: A commentary. BJOG. 2020; https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/1471-0528.16192. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 23. Baud D, Giannoni E, Pomar L, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women. Authors’ reply . Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30192-4. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 24. Favre G, Pomar L, Qi X, Nielsen-Saines K, Musso D, Baud D. Guidelines for pregnant women with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473- 3099(20)30157-2. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 25. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wang J, Liu C, Yang J. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. Jama. 2020; doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 26. Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, Tang Y, Deng Q, Zhang W, et al. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. Jama. 2020; doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4861. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 27. Kimberlin DW, Stagno S. Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired In Utero?: More Definitive Evidence Is Needed. JAMA. 2020; doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4868. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 28. Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; doi: 10.1111/aogs.13867. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 29. Office of the National Health Commission, Office of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection (Interim Version 6, the Revision) 2020 [Internet]. 18 February 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: http://www.kankyokansen.org/uploads/uploads/files/jsipc/protocol_V6.pdf
  • 30. Maxwell C, McGeer A, Tai KFY, Sermer M. No. 225-Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017; 39(8): e130-e7.
  • 31. Davanzo R, Moro G., Sandri F, Agosti M, Moretti C, Mosca F. Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease-2019. Ad interim indications of the Italian society of neonatology endorsed by the union of European neonatal & perinatal societies. Matern Child Nutr. 2020; doi: 10.1111/mcn.13010. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 32. World Health Organization. Q&A on COVID-19, pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. 28 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-and-breastfeeding
  • 33. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Statement on coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 10 March 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.bfmed.org/abm-statement-coronavirus
  • 34. Binns CW, Lee MK. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months: the WHO six months recommendation in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014; 23: 344-350.
  • 35. World Health Organization. Implementation guidance: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services – the revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272943
  • 36. Royal College Of Obstetricians & Gynaecologist (RCOG). Guidance for antenatal and postnatal services in the evolving coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic [Internet]. 30 March 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-03-30-guidance-for-antenatal-and-postnatal-services-in-the-evolving-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-20200331.pdf
  • 37. World Health Organization. Nursing and midwifery 2020 [Internet]. 30 April 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/nursing-and-midwifery
  • 38. Wilson A, Ravaldi C, Scoullar MJL, Vogel JP, Szabo RA, Fisher JRW, Homer CSE. Caring for the carers: Ensuring the provision of quality maternity care during a global pandemic, Women Birth. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.03.011. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergency Responders: Tips for Taking Care of Yourself [Internet]. CDC, Atlanta, USA, 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/responders.asp
  • 40. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. 23 April 23 2020 [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice advisory/articles/2020/03/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • 41. Ravaldi C, Levi M, Angeli E, Romeo G, Biffino M, Bonaiuti R, Vannacci A. Stillbirth and perinatal care: are professionals trained to address parents’ needs? Midwifery. 2018; 64: 53–59.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Aslı Er Korucu 0000-0003-0274-4823

Fatma Uslu Şahan 0000-0001-6451-296X

Füsun Terzioğlu 0000-0002-8457-0048

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Submission Date May 2, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Er Korucu A, Uslu Şahan F, Terzioğlu F. Perinatal Dönemde Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 Yönetimi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;11(4):475-8.

SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, makalenin gönderilmesi ve yayınlanması dahil olmak üzere hiçbir aşamada herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. Dergimiz, bilimsel araştırmaları okuyucuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyerek, içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır.