Relationship between Nicotine Addiction and Perceived Stress in Students of Faculty of Sport Sciences: Case of A Public University
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 319 - 328, 25.12.2024
Erkan Çetinkaya
,
Halil Tanır
,
Furkan Celık
Öz
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between nicotine addiction and perceived stress among students enrolled in the Faculty of Sport Sciences at a public university. The sample of the study consisted of 209 (n=66 female and n=143 male) volunteer students who were studying at Faculty of Sport Sciences at Aydin Adnan Menderes University during the Spring Semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to determine the nicotine dependency and perceived stress levels of the participants. The data obtained from the surveys were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 software package. As a result of statistical analysis, a significant difference was found between female and male students in terms of nicotine addiction levels (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in perceived stress levels (p>0.05). In addition, a positive and very low relationship was found between nicotine addiction and perceived stress levels (p<0.05). Based on the research results, it was determined that the participants had a high level of nicotine addiction and perceived stress, gender had an impact on nicotine addiction but did not affect perceived stress, and stress was not a significant factor in starting or continuing smoking among the students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences.
Kaynakça
- [1] Akıncı, Y., Yapar, A. 2023. Examining the Exercise Addiction Levels of Competitive Bodybuilders, Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education, 5(2), 60-76.
- [2] Jeong, E.J., Kim, D.J., Lee, D.M. 2017. Why Do Some People Become Addicted to Digital Games More Easily? A Study of Digital Game Addiction from a Psychosocial Health Perspective, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 33(3), 199-214.
- [3] Ulusoy, Y. 2010. The Adaptation of Interpersonal Dependency Inventory into Turkısh Language. Cukurova University, Social Sciences Institute, Master Thesis, Adana.
- [4] Baykan, Z., Naçar, M. 2014. Smoking Prevalence and Views about Tobacco Law in Students of Medical school, Dicle Medical Journal, 41(3), 483-490.
- [5] Sağlam, L. 2017. Clinical Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence, Current Chest Diseases Series, 4(1), 78-89.
[6] Benowitz, N. L. 2010. Nicotine Addiction, New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295-2303.
- [7] Esen, A.D., Arıca, S. 2018. The Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence Levels and Sociodemographic Characteristics Among Applicants Admitted for Smoking Cessation, Ankara Medical Journal, 18(3), 328-336.
- [8] Çapık, C., Cingil, D. 2013. Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine Dependency Level and Associated Factors among Nursing Students, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, (2), 55-61.
- [9] Özkurt, S. 2000. Prevalance of Smoking, Nicotine Addiction and Pulmonary Function Tests in Workers of Faculty of Medicine, Journal of Tuberculosis and Thorax, 48, 140-7.
- [10] Karadağ, M., Karadağ, S., Ediz, B., Işık, E. 2011. The Effect of Nicotine Dependence on Smoking Cessation, New Medical Journal, 29(1), 27-31.
- [11] Atılgan, Y., Gürkan, S., Şen, E. 2008. Smoking Habits of the Personnel Employed in Our Hospital and the Factors Affecting the Same, Turkish Thoracic Journal, 9(4).
- [12] Albayrak, S., Balcı, S. 2014. The Prevention of Drug Abuse in Young Adults, Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 11(2), 30-38.
- [13] Başkak, M. 2021. The impact of hypnotherapy in smoking addiction treatment in terms of tobacco use disorders. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Foundation University, Institute of Postgraduate Education, Doctoral Thesis, İstanbul.
- [14] Williams, G.C., Cox, E.M., Kouides, R., Deci, E.L. 1999. Presenting the Facts about Smoking to Adolescents: Effects of an Autonomy-supportive Style, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(9), 959-964.
- [15] Ceylan, E., Yanık, M., Gencer, M. 2005. Factors affecting the attitudes towards smoking of students enrolled at Harran University, Toraks Journal, 6(2), 144-150.
- [16] Sönmez, E., Akvardar, Y. 2015. A Social Norms Approach to Substance Abuse Preventon in Youth “The more I think you drink, the more I drink”, Journal of Dependence, 16(2), 86-94.
- [17] Onan, N., Kaplan, H., Yalçın, B., Erbaş, S., Yıldırım, D., Barlas, G. Ü., ... Öz, Y.Ö. 2016. Examination of Substance Use and Personality Characteristics of University Students, Journal of Dependence, 17(1), 25-32.
- [20] Aydın, H. 2008. Comparative examination of personality characteristics of adolescents according to their ability to cope with stress and some personal qualities. Selçuk Üniversity, Institute of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Konya.
- [21] Gizir, C.A. 2005. A Study on the Problems of Middle East Technical University Senior Students, Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(2), 196-213.
- [22] Avşaroğlu, S., Üre, Ö. (2007). Examination of University Students' Self-Esteem, Decision-Making and Stress Coping Styles in Terms of Self-Esteem and Some Variables, Selçuk Üniversity The Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, (18), 85-100.
- [23] Temel, E., Bahar, A., Çuhadar, D. 2007. Determination of Coping Attitude with Stress and Depression Level of Nursing Students, Journal of Fırat Health Services , 2(5), 107.
- [24] Doğan, B., Eser, M. 2013. University Students' Methods of Coping with Stress: Nazilli Vocational School Example, Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 3(4), 29-39.
- [25] Baş, N., Altun, F. 2020. The Role of School Engagement, Quality of School Life and Academic Success in Explain of Future Expectation in Secondary School Students, Atatürk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 24(1), 197-213.
- [26] Abel, K.M., Heuvelman, H. P., Jörgensen, L., Magnusson, C., Wicks, S., Susser, E., ... Dalman, C. 2014. Severe Bereavement Stress During the Prenatal and Childhood Periods and Risk of Psychosis in Later Life: Population Based Cohort Study, BMJ, 348.
- [27] Li, Y., Guo, Y., Tang, J., Jiang, J., Chen, Z. 2014. New Insights into the Roles of CHOP-Induced Apoptosis in ER Stress, Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 46(8), 629-640.
- [28] Lackovic-Grgin, K. 2018. Some Psychological Consequences of Unemployment of Young Graduates, Papers on Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy, 32(9).
- [29] Griggs, S. (2017). Hope and Mental Health in Young Adult College Students: An Integrative Review, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(2), 28-35.
- [30] Othman, Z., Sivasubramaniam, V. 2019. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Secondary School Teachers in Klang, Malaysia, International Medical Journal, 26(2), 71-74.
- [31] Gümüş, A.B. 2015. Smoking and Alcohol Use in University Students: An Evaluation in Terms of Depressive Symptoms and Hopelessness, Journal of Dependence, 16, 9-17.
- [32] Işıktaş, S., Özsat, K., Lesinger, F.Y. 2019. İnvestıgatıon of Anxıety And Life Satisfaction Levels of Individuals Durıng The Covıd 19 Pandemic Process, International Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish Cultural Geography, 7(1), 65-75.
- [33] Yazıcı, F. 2007. Smoking Stress and Coping Skilss Among Young Adults, Crisis Journal, 15(1), 17-24.
[34] Feinberg, J.H., Ryan, M.A., Johns, M., Marvin, B.A., Reading, J.E., White, M.R. 2015. Smoking Cessation and Improvement in Physical Performance among Young Men, Military Medicine, 180(3), 343-349.
- [35] Fagerstrom, K. O., Schneider, N. G. 1989. Measuring Nicotine Dependence: A Review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 159-182.
- [36] Uysal, M.A., Kadakal, F., Karşidağ, C., Bayram, N.G., Uysal, O., Yılmaz, V. 2004. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: Reliability in a Turkish Sample and Factor Analysis, Tuberc Thorax, 52(2), 115-21.
- [37] Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. 1983. A Global Measure of Perceived Stress, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385-396.
- [38] Yerlikaya, E.E., İnanç, B. 2007. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Translation of the Perceived Stress Scale. IX. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, 17-19 October, Bursa, 276.
- [39] Alpar, R. 2010. Applied Statistics in Sports Sciences. Ankara: Nobel Publishing House.
- [40] Aslan, H., Erdağı, K., Işık, B., Erdoğan, M., Güvenç, A. (2017). The Prevalence of Smoking and Attitudes toward Smoking among Young Athletes and Coaches, Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 7(1), 41-55.
- [41] Yıldırım, Y., Yıldırım, İ., Kabadayı, M., Ocak, Y., Gölünük, S. 2011. Examination of the Smoking Habits of Amateur Soccer Players, Fırat University Medical Journal of Health Sciences, 25(1),17-24.
- [42] Göral, K. 2008. Examining the nutritional habits and knowledge levels of football players playing in different leagues. Muğla University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Muğla.
- [43] Atamtürk, H., Ahmedov, S., Tokmak, H. 2007. Lifestyles and Nutritional Habits of Footballers from North Cyprus Football League, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10.
- [44] Bağkesen, S., Bozalı, V., Demirelli, B., Bayrak, E. 2014 Determinating of Smoking Habits of People Who Do Sports and Fitness in Elazığ, International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 2 (Special Issue 2), 87-100.
- [45] Kundur, F., Kumartaşlı, M., Yılmaz, E., Koçyiğit, B. 2020. Examination of Nutrition Habits and Knowledge Levels of Elite Boxers, Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 3(2), 269-279.
- [46] Çelepkolu, T., Atlı, A., Palancı, Y., Yılmaz, A., Demir, S., İbiloğlu, A.O., Ekin, S. 2014. The relationship between nicotine dependence level and age-gender among the smokers: Diyarbakir sample, Dicle Medical Journal, 41(4), 712-716.
- [47] Yengil, E. 2014. Smoking Among Medical School Students and Attitudes against Smoking, Konuralp Medical Journal, 6(3), 1-7.
- [48] Vatan, İ., Ocakoğlu, H., İrgil, E. 2009. Evaluation of Smoking Status in Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine Students, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(1), 43-48.
- [49] Çelikel, S., Erkorkmaz, Ü., Seyfikli, Z. 2009. Smoking Habits and Nicotine Dependency Perceptions of the Students in Gaziosmanpasa University in Tokat, Respiratory Journal, 11(3), 97-104.
- [50] Savcı, M., Aysan, F. 2014. The Relationshıp between the Perceived Stress Level and the Stress Coping Strategies in University Students, International Journal of Turkish Educaiton Sciences, 2014(3), 44-56.
- [51] Öncü, B., Şahin, T., Özdemir, S., Şahin, C., Çakır, K., Öcal, E. 2013. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels and Related Factors in Medical Faculty Students, Crisis Journal, 21(1), 1-10.
- [52] Akbağ, M., Sayıner, B., Sözen, D. 2005. A Study on the Relationship Between Stress Level, Locus of Control and Depression Level in University Students, Marmara University Atatürk Faculty of Education Journal of Educational Sciences, 21(21), 59-74.
- [53] Aşcı, Ö., Hazar, G., Kılıç, E., Korkmaz, A. 2015. Determining the Reasons of Stress and the Ways of Coping with Stress in University Students, Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 213-232.
- [54] Özgan, H., Balkar, B. 2008. The Reasons of Stress Perceived by Students of Education Faculty in the Classroom and Personal Variables’ Effect on Stres. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 7(24), 337-350.
- [55] Çapık, C., Özbıçakcı, Ş. 2007. Factors Effecting Levels of Smoking Addiction of Students Attending to the Nursing High School, Journal of Human Sciences, 4(2), 1-12.
- [56] Çapık, C., Cingil, D. 2013. Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine Dependency Level and Associated Factors Among Nursing Students, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, (2), 55-61.
- [57] Işıktaş, S., Karafistan, M., Ayaz, D., Yılmaz, A. S. 2019. Comparıson of The Smokers and Non-Smokers in Terms of Copıng with Stress Behavıors, Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(2), 102-107.
Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Nikotin Bağımlılığı ve Algılanan Stres İlişkisi: Bir Devlet Üniversitesi Örneği
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 319 - 328, 25.12.2024
Erkan Çetinkaya
,
Halil Tanır
,
Furkan Celık
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı bir devlet üniversitesindeki Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerde nikotin bağımlılığı ve algılanan stres ilişkisinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemi 2023-2024 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı Bahar Döneminde Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 209 (n=66 kadın ve n=143) gönüllü öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların nikotin bağımlılığı ve algılanan stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi (FNBT) ile Algılanan Stres Ölçeği (ASÖ) kullanıldı. Anket uygulamalarından elde edilen veriler SPSS 26.0 paket programında analiz edildi. Yapılan istatistiki analizlerde nikotin bağımlılığı düzeyi açısından kadın ve erkek öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşma olduğu (p<0.05); ancak algılanan stres düzeyi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşma olmadığı (p>0.05) bulgularına ulaşıldı. Buna ek olarak nikotin bağımlılığı ile algılanan stres arasında pozitif yönlü çok zayıf bir ilişki olduğu (p<0.05) bulgusu elde edildi. Araştırmada ulaşılan bulgulara istinaden katılımcıların nikotin bağımlılığı ve algılanan stres düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, cinsiyetin nikotin bağımlılığı üzerinde bir etkilediği ancak algılanan stresi etkilemediği; stresin sigaraya başlanması ve devam ettirilmesinde önemli bir faktör olmadığı sonuçlarına ulaşıldı.
Etik Beyan
In this study, we undertake that all the rules required to be followed within the scope of the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" are complied with, and that none of the actions stated under the heading "Actions Against Scientific Research and Publication Ethics" are not carried out.
The ethical approval for this study was granted by the Aydin Adnan Menderes University Social and Humanities Research Ethics Committee with decision number 11/03 dated 09.02.2024.
Kaynakça
- [1] Akıncı, Y., Yapar, A. 2023. Examining the Exercise Addiction Levels of Competitive Bodybuilders, Eurasian Journal of Sport Sciences and Education, 5(2), 60-76.
- [2] Jeong, E.J., Kim, D.J., Lee, D.M. 2017. Why Do Some People Become Addicted to Digital Games More Easily? A Study of Digital Game Addiction from a Psychosocial Health Perspective, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 33(3), 199-214.
- [3] Ulusoy, Y. 2010. The Adaptation of Interpersonal Dependency Inventory into Turkısh Language. Cukurova University, Social Sciences Institute, Master Thesis, Adana.
- [4] Baykan, Z., Naçar, M. 2014. Smoking Prevalence and Views about Tobacco Law in Students of Medical school, Dicle Medical Journal, 41(3), 483-490.
- [5] Sağlam, L. 2017. Clinical Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence, Current Chest Diseases Series, 4(1), 78-89.
[6] Benowitz, N. L. 2010. Nicotine Addiction, New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295-2303.
- [7] Esen, A.D., Arıca, S. 2018. The Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence Levels and Sociodemographic Characteristics Among Applicants Admitted for Smoking Cessation, Ankara Medical Journal, 18(3), 328-336.
- [8] Çapık, C., Cingil, D. 2013. Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine Dependency Level and Associated Factors among Nursing Students, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, (2), 55-61.
- [9] Özkurt, S. 2000. Prevalance of Smoking, Nicotine Addiction and Pulmonary Function Tests in Workers of Faculty of Medicine, Journal of Tuberculosis and Thorax, 48, 140-7.
- [10] Karadağ, M., Karadağ, S., Ediz, B., Işık, E. 2011. The Effect of Nicotine Dependence on Smoking Cessation, New Medical Journal, 29(1), 27-31.
- [11] Atılgan, Y., Gürkan, S., Şen, E. 2008. Smoking Habits of the Personnel Employed in Our Hospital and the Factors Affecting the Same, Turkish Thoracic Journal, 9(4).
- [12] Albayrak, S., Balcı, S. 2014. The Prevention of Drug Abuse in Young Adults, Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 11(2), 30-38.
- [13] Başkak, M. 2021. The impact of hypnotherapy in smoking addiction treatment in terms of tobacco use disorders. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Foundation University, Institute of Postgraduate Education, Doctoral Thesis, İstanbul.
- [14] Williams, G.C., Cox, E.M., Kouides, R., Deci, E.L. 1999. Presenting the Facts about Smoking to Adolescents: Effects of an Autonomy-supportive Style, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(9), 959-964.
- [15] Ceylan, E., Yanık, M., Gencer, M. 2005. Factors affecting the attitudes towards smoking of students enrolled at Harran University, Toraks Journal, 6(2), 144-150.
- [16] Sönmez, E., Akvardar, Y. 2015. A Social Norms Approach to Substance Abuse Preventon in Youth “The more I think you drink, the more I drink”, Journal of Dependence, 16(2), 86-94.
- [17] Onan, N., Kaplan, H., Yalçın, B., Erbaş, S., Yıldırım, D., Barlas, G. Ü., ... Öz, Y.Ö. 2016. Examination of Substance Use and Personality Characteristics of University Students, Journal of Dependence, 17(1), 25-32.
- [20] Aydın, H. 2008. Comparative examination of personality characteristics of adolescents according to their ability to cope with stress and some personal qualities. Selçuk Üniversity, Institute of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Konya.
- [21] Gizir, C.A. 2005. A Study on the Problems of Middle East Technical University Senior Students, Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(2), 196-213.
- [22] Avşaroğlu, S., Üre, Ö. (2007). Examination of University Students' Self-Esteem, Decision-Making and Stress Coping Styles in Terms of Self-Esteem and Some Variables, Selçuk Üniversity The Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, (18), 85-100.
- [23] Temel, E., Bahar, A., Çuhadar, D. 2007. Determination of Coping Attitude with Stress and Depression Level of Nursing Students, Journal of Fırat Health Services , 2(5), 107.
- [24] Doğan, B., Eser, M. 2013. University Students' Methods of Coping with Stress: Nazilli Vocational School Example, Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 3(4), 29-39.
- [25] Baş, N., Altun, F. 2020. The Role of School Engagement, Quality of School Life and Academic Success in Explain of Future Expectation in Secondary School Students, Atatürk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 24(1), 197-213.
- [26] Abel, K.M., Heuvelman, H. P., Jörgensen, L., Magnusson, C., Wicks, S., Susser, E., ... Dalman, C. 2014. Severe Bereavement Stress During the Prenatal and Childhood Periods and Risk of Psychosis in Later Life: Population Based Cohort Study, BMJ, 348.
- [27] Li, Y., Guo, Y., Tang, J., Jiang, J., Chen, Z. 2014. New Insights into the Roles of CHOP-Induced Apoptosis in ER Stress, Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 46(8), 629-640.
- [28] Lackovic-Grgin, K. 2018. Some Psychological Consequences of Unemployment of Young Graduates, Papers on Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy, 32(9).
- [29] Griggs, S. (2017). Hope and Mental Health in Young Adult College Students: An Integrative Review, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(2), 28-35.
- [30] Othman, Z., Sivasubramaniam, V. 2019. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Secondary School Teachers in Klang, Malaysia, International Medical Journal, 26(2), 71-74.
- [31] Gümüş, A.B. 2015. Smoking and Alcohol Use in University Students: An Evaluation in Terms of Depressive Symptoms and Hopelessness, Journal of Dependence, 16, 9-17.
- [32] Işıktaş, S., Özsat, K., Lesinger, F.Y. 2019. İnvestıgatıon of Anxıety And Life Satisfaction Levels of Individuals Durıng The Covıd 19 Pandemic Process, International Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish Cultural Geography, 7(1), 65-75.
- [33] Yazıcı, F. 2007. Smoking Stress and Coping Skilss Among Young Adults, Crisis Journal, 15(1), 17-24.
[34] Feinberg, J.H., Ryan, M.A., Johns, M., Marvin, B.A., Reading, J.E., White, M.R. 2015. Smoking Cessation and Improvement in Physical Performance among Young Men, Military Medicine, 180(3), 343-349.
- [35] Fagerstrom, K. O., Schneider, N. G. 1989. Measuring Nicotine Dependence: A Review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 159-182.
- [36] Uysal, M.A., Kadakal, F., Karşidağ, C., Bayram, N.G., Uysal, O., Yılmaz, V. 2004. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: Reliability in a Turkish Sample and Factor Analysis, Tuberc Thorax, 52(2), 115-21.
- [37] Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. 1983. A Global Measure of Perceived Stress, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385-396.
- [38] Yerlikaya, E.E., İnanç, B. 2007. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Translation of the Perceived Stress Scale. IX. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, 17-19 October, Bursa, 276.
- [39] Alpar, R. 2010. Applied Statistics in Sports Sciences. Ankara: Nobel Publishing House.
- [40] Aslan, H., Erdağı, K., Işık, B., Erdoğan, M., Güvenç, A. (2017). The Prevalence of Smoking and Attitudes toward Smoking among Young Athletes and Coaches, Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 7(1), 41-55.
- [41] Yıldırım, Y., Yıldırım, İ., Kabadayı, M., Ocak, Y., Gölünük, S. 2011. Examination of the Smoking Habits of Amateur Soccer Players, Fırat University Medical Journal of Health Sciences, 25(1),17-24.
- [42] Göral, K. 2008. Examining the nutritional habits and knowledge levels of football players playing in different leagues. Muğla University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Muğla.
- [43] Atamtürk, H., Ahmedov, S., Tokmak, H. 2007. Lifestyles and Nutritional Habits of Footballers from North Cyprus Football League, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10.
- [44] Bağkesen, S., Bozalı, V., Demirelli, B., Bayrak, E. 2014 Determinating of Smoking Habits of People Who Do Sports and Fitness in Elazığ, International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 2 (Special Issue 2), 87-100.
- [45] Kundur, F., Kumartaşlı, M., Yılmaz, E., Koçyiğit, B. 2020. Examination of Nutrition Habits and Knowledge Levels of Elite Boxers, Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 3(2), 269-279.
- [46] Çelepkolu, T., Atlı, A., Palancı, Y., Yılmaz, A., Demir, S., İbiloğlu, A.O., Ekin, S. 2014. The relationship between nicotine dependence level and age-gender among the smokers: Diyarbakir sample, Dicle Medical Journal, 41(4), 712-716.
- [47] Yengil, E. 2014. Smoking Among Medical School Students and Attitudes against Smoking, Konuralp Medical Journal, 6(3), 1-7.
- [48] Vatan, İ., Ocakoğlu, H., İrgil, E. 2009. Evaluation of Smoking Status in Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine Students, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(1), 43-48.
- [49] Çelikel, S., Erkorkmaz, Ü., Seyfikli, Z. 2009. Smoking Habits and Nicotine Dependency Perceptions of the Students in Gaziosmanpasa University in Tokat, Respiratory Journal, 11(3), 97-104.
- [50] Savcı, M., Aysan, F. 2014. The Relationshıp between the Perceived Stress Level and the Stress Coping Strategies in University Students, International Journal of Turkish Educaiton Sciences, 2014(3), 44-56.
- [51] Öncü, B., Şahin, T., Özdemir, S., Şahin, C., Çakır, K., Öcal, E. 2013. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels and Related Factors in Medical Faculty Students, Crisis Journal, 21(1), 1-10.
- [52] Akbağ, M., Sayıner, B., Sözen, D. 2005. A Study on the Relationship Between Stress Level, Locus of Control and Depression Level in University Students, Marmara University Atatürk Faculty of Education Journal of Educational Sciences, 21(21), 59-74.
- [53] Aşcı, Ö., Hazar, G., Kılıç, E., Korkmaz, A. 2015. Determining the Reasons of Stress and the Ways of Coping with Stress in University Students, Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 213-232.
- [54] Özgan, H., Balkar, B. 2008. The Reasons of Stress Perceived by Students of Education Faculty in the Classroom and Personal Variables’ Effect on Stres. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 7(24), 337-350.
- [55] Çapık, C., Özbıçakcı, Ş. 2007. Factors Effecting Levels of Smoking Addiction of Students Attending to the Nursing High School, Journal of Human Sciences, 4(2), 1-12.
- [56] Çapık, C., Cingil, D. 2013. Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine Dependency Level and Associated Factors Among Nursing Students, Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, (2), 55-61.
- [57] Işıktaş, S., Karafistan, M., Ayaz, D., Yılmaz, A. S. 2019. Comparıson of The Smokers and Non-Smokers in Terms of Copıng with Stress Behavıors, Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(2), 102-107.