Ortodontide 3 Boyutlu Stereofotogrametri

Abstract

Günümüzde estetik ve güzel görünmenin önemi göz ardı edilemez. Hastaların ortodontik tedaviden beklentileri gibi hekimlerin de tedavi planlamaları öncelikle ideal yüz estetiğini sağlamak üzerinedir. İdeal yüz estetiğinin ne olduğu objektif kurallarla tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Ancak kuralları kesin olmasa da kompleks bir yapı olduğunu ve yumuşak dokunun fasiyal estetiğin en önemli parçalarından biri olduğu bilinmektedir.

Teknolojik gelişmeler sayesinde yumuşak dokuların 3 boyutlu görüntülerinin elde edilmesi mümkün hale gelmiştir. Stereofotogrametrik sistemler, fasiyal yumuşak dokudan 3 boyutlu görüntü alabilen ve en avantajlı özellikler sunan yumuşak doku tarama sistemleridir. Bu sistemler sayesinde yumuşak dokunun ayrıntılı kayıtları hastaya hiçbir zarar vermeden tekrar alınabilmektedir. Ortodontistler, bu kayıtların karşılaştırılması ve üzerinde yapılan ölçümlerle, ortodontik tedavinin hastada nasıl bir değişim gerçekleştirdiğini objektif olarak değerlendirebilmektedir. Özellikle tek başına ortodontik tedavinin yetmediği, ortognatik cerrahi gereksinimi duyulan hastalarda tedavi başlangıcında yumuşak doku hedeflerinin belirlenebilmesi için 3 boyutlu stereofotogrametrik görüntüleme, hekimlere büyük avantaj sağlamaktadır.

3 boyutlu stereofotogrametrik sistemler ile yalnızca yumuşak dokuların taranabilmesi mümkündür. Sert dokuların ve dental kayıtların 3 boyutlu ortama aktarılabilmesi için başka sistemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Fasiyal dokuların gerçek bir modellemesi ancak tüm kayıtların senkronizasyonu ile mümkündür. Gelecekte tek bir sistem ile tüm dokuların kayıtlarının alınabilmesi teknolojik gelişmeler sayesinde beklenen bir durumdur.

Keywords

• Stereofotogrametri,3D Görüntüleme,Yumuşak Doku,Fasiyal Estetik

3-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry in Orthodontics

Abstract

        Today, the importance of the beatiful appearance and aesthetic can not be ignored. Patients' expectations of orthodontic treatment and treatment planning of orthodontist primarily on providing the ideal facial aesthetics. It is not completely explained by objective rules as to what the ideal facial aesthetics. Although there is no definite rules about this topic, it is known that the facial aesthetics is complex composition and soft tissue is one of the most important parts of the facial aesthetics. For this reason, soft tissue should be monitored and recorded at every stage of orthodontic treatment.

           With technological developments, it has become possible to obtain three-dimensional images of soft tissues. Stereophotogrammetry systems are most advantageous soft tissue scanning system that can take 3D images of the facial soft tissue. Through this system, detailed records of the soft tissue can be taken repeatedly without any harm to the patient. Orthodontists making measurements on 3-dimensional images obtained from the patient can be evaluated objectively how to performed change on the patients of orthodontic treatment. Especially for orthognathic surgery patients, stereophotogrammetric 3-D imaging is a great advantage to the physician for determine the requested changes to be obtained in soft tissue at the treatment planning.

            3D stereophotogrammetric systems can scan only soft tissue. 3D scanning of hard tissue and dental records are needed to other systems. For a real modeling of facial tissue only possible with synchronization of all records. With the development of technology at the future, it will be able to records of all facial tissue with a single system.

Keywords

• Stereophotogrammetry,3D Imaging,Soft Tissue,Facial Aesthetic

References

1. 1. Ackerman JL, Proffit WR, Sarver DM. The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res 1999;2:49–52.
2. 2. Spear FM, Kokich VG, Mathews DP. Interdisciplinary management of anterior dental esthetics. JADA 2006;137:160–169.
3. 3. Arnett GW, Gunson MJ. Facial planning for orthodontics and oral surgeons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;126:290-5.
4. 4. Primozic J, Perinetti G, Richmond S, Ovsenik M. Threedimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry in association with unilateral functional crossbite in the primary, early, and late mixed dentition phases. Angle Orthod 2013;83:253–258.
5. 5. Shaw WC. The influence of children’s dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. Am J Orthod 1981;79:399-415.
6. 6. Peck S, Peck L. Facial realities and oral esthetics. In: McNamara JA Jr, editor. Esthetics and the treatment of facial form. Craniofacial Growth Series, Volume 28. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development; University of Michigan,1993;77-113.
7. 7. Kerosuo H, Hausen H, Laine T, Shaw WC. The influence of incisal malocclusion on the social attractiveness of young adults in Finland. Eur J Orthod 1995;17(6):505-512.
8. 8. Rhodes G. The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annu Rev Psychol 2006;57:199-226.

9. 9. Kiyak HA. Cultural and psychologic in uences on treatment demand. Semin in Orthod 2000;6:242-248.
10. 10. Elif F. Erbay, DDS, MS, PhD,a and Cem M. Canikliog˘ lu, DDS, PhDb. Soft tissue profile in Anatolian Turkish adults: Part II. Comparison of different soft tissue analyses in the evaluation of beauty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121:65-72.
11. Ricketts RM. Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod 1957;27:14-37.
12. 12. Steiner CC. The use of cephalometrics as an aid to planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod 1960;46:721-35.
13. 13. Merrifield LL. The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod 1966;52:804-22.
14. 14. Burstone CJ. Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod 1967;53:262-84.
15. 15. Sushner NI. A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population. Am J Orthod 1977;72:373-85.
16. 16. Holdaway RA. A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am J Orthod 1983;84:1-28.
17. 17. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29:303-308.
18. 18. Wong JY, Oh AK, Ohta E, et al. Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008;45:232-239.
19. 19. Edler R, Wertheim D, Greenhill D. Comparison of radiographic and photographic measurement of mandibular asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123:167–174.
20. 20. Khambaya B, Nairn N, Bell A, Miller J, Bowmanb A, Ayoub AF. Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution three-dimensional facial imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:27-32.
21. Plooij JM, Maal TJJ, Haers P, Borstlap WA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Berge´ SJ: Digital three-dimensional image fusion processes for planning and evaluating orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. A systematic review. Int Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:341-352.
22. 22. Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Cherney JC, Beals SP, Pomatto JK. Development of a new three-dimensional cranial imaging system. J Craniofac Surg 2004;15:175-181.
23. 23. Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone‑beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2006;72:75‑80.
24. 24. Vig PS. Orthodontic controversies: Their origins, consequences and resolution. In: Current Controversies in Orthodontics. Chicago, Quintessence Publishing 1991; 269‑310.
25. 25. Mckee IW, Williamson PC, Lam EW, Heo G, Glover KE, Major PW. The accuracy of 4 panoramic units in the projection of mesiodistal tooth angulations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121:166‑75.
26. 26. Hell B. 3D sonography. Int Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;24:84-9.
27. 27. Sadar R, Zeilhofer HF, Horch HH. Diagnostic possibilities of three-dimensional imaging of ultrasound image data in mouth, jaws and facial surgery. Biomed Technol 1997;42:211-212.
28. 28. Tzou CHJ, Frey M. Evolution of 3D Surface Imaging Systems in Facial Plastic Surgery. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 2011;19:591-602.
29. 29. Ras F, Habets L, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry. Angle Orthod 1995;65(3):233-239.
30. 30. Görgülü S, Duran GS, Dindaroğlu F. Güncel Bilgiler Işığında Ortodonti (1.Baskı), Erhan Özdiler, Gümüş Kitabevi, Ankara, 2015:367-381.
31. . Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M, Tawfik W, Borbely P, English JD. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;137:S56.e1-S56.e9.
32. 32. Karataş OH, Toy E. Three‑dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review. Eur J Dent 2014;8(1):1-9.
33. 33. Thalmaan D. Die Stereogrammetrie: ein diagnostisches Hilfsmittelinder Kieferorthopaedie [Stereophotogrammetry: a diagnostic device in orthodontology]. Zurich (Switzerland): University Zurich, Switzerland; 1944 [German].
34. 34. Burke PH, Beard FH. Stereophotogrammetry of the face. A preliminary investigation into the accuracy of a simplified system evolved for contour mapping by photography. Am J Orthod 1967;53(10):769–82.
35. 35. Deacon AT, Anthony AG, Bhatia SN, Muller JP. Evaluation of a CCD-based facial measurement system. Int J Med Inform 1991;16(2):213–28.
36. 36. Ayoub AF, Siebert P, Moos KF, Wray D, Urquhart C, Niblett TB. A vision-based three-dimensional capture system for maxillofacial assessment and surgical planning. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36:353-7.
37. 37. Hajeer MY, Mao Z, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP. A new three-dimensional method of assessing facial volumetric changes after orthognathic treatment. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42:113-20.
38. 38. Buckley PF, Dean D, Bookstein FL, et al. A three dimensional morphometric study of craniofacial shape in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:606-8.
39. 39. Winder RJ, Darvann TA, McKnightc W, Mageed JDM, Ramsay-Baggs P. Technical validation of the Di3D stereophotogrammetry surface imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:33-37.
40. 40. Gor T, Kau CH, English JD, Lee RP, Borbely P. Three-dimensional comparison of facial morphology in white populations in Budapest, Hungary, and Houston, Texas. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;137:424-32.
41. . Tanikawa C, Zere E, Takada K. Sexual dimorphism in the facial morphology of adult humans: A three-dimensional analysis. J Comp Hum Biol 2015;1:94-3.
42. 42. Kau CH, Kamel SG, Wilson J, Wong ME. New method for analysis of facial growth in a pediatric reconstructed mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139(4): e285–290.
43. 43. vander Meera WJ, Dijkstra PU, Visser A, Vissink A, Rene Y. Reliability and validity of measurements of facial swelling with astereo photogrammetry optical three-dimensional scanner. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;52:922-927.
44. 44. Weinberg SM, Kolar JC. Three-dimensional surface imaging: limitations and considerations from the anthropometric perspective. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:847-851.
45. 45. Rosati R, De Menezes M, Rossetti A, et al. Digital dental cast placement in 3-dimensional, full-face reconstruction: a technical evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138(1):84–8.
46. 46. Maal TJ, van Loon B, Plooij JM, et al. Registration of 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68(10):2391–401.
47. 47. Fourie Z, Damstra J, Gerrits PO, et al. Evaluation of anthropometric accuracy and reliability using different three-dimensional scanning systems. Forensic Sci Int 2011;207(1-3):127-34.
48. 48. Chung How Kau, Stephen Richmond, Angela Incrapera, Jeryl English, James Jiong Xia. Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. . Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg 2007;3:97-110.
49. 49. de Menezes M, Rosati R, Ferrario VF, et al. Accuracy and reproducibility of a 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetric imaging system. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68(9):2129–35.
50. 50. Kochel J, Meyer-Marcotty P, Strnad F, Kochel M, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A. 3D soft tissue analysis-part 1: sagittal parameters. J Orofac Orthop 2010;71:40–52.
51. Brons S, van Beusichem ME, Bronkhorst EM. Methods to quantify soft-tissue based facial growth and treatment outcomes in children: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7:e41898.
52. 52. Plooij JM, Swennen GRJ, Rangel FA, Maal TJJ, Schutyser FAC, Bronkhorst EM, Kuijpers–Jagtman AM, Berge SJ. Evaluation of reproducibility and reliability of 3D soft tissue analysis using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;38:267-273.
53. 53. Heike CL, Upson K, Stuhaug E, Weinberg SM. 3D digital stereophotogrammetry: a practical guide to facial image acquisition. Head Face Med 2010;28:6-18.
54. 54. Rangel FA, Maal TJJ, Berge´ SJ, et al. Integration of digital dental casts in 3-dimensional facial photographs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134:820–826.
55. 55. Chung How Kau, Stephen Richmond, Angela Incrapera, Jeryl English, James Jiong Xia. Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg 2007;3(2):97–110.
56. 56. Khambaya B, Ullah R. Current methods of assessing the accuracy of threedimensional soft tissue facial predictions: technical and clinical considerations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 44: 132–138.
57. 57. Metzger MC, Hohlweg-Majert B, Scho¨n R, Teschner M, Gellrich NC, Schmelzeisen R. Verification of clinical precision after computer-aided reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104: 1–10.
58. 58. Catherwood T, McCaughan E, Greer E, Spence RAJ, McIntosh SA, Windera RJ. Validation of a passive stereophotogrammetry system for imaging of the breast: A geometric analysis. Med Eng Phys 2011;33:900–905.
59. 59. van Loon B, van Heerbeek N, Maal TJ, Borstlap WA, Ingels KJ, et al. Postoperative volume increase of facial soft tissue after percutaneous versus endonasal osteotomy technique in rhinoplasty using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Rhinology 2011;49(1):121–126.
60. 60. Naudi KB, Benramadan R, Brocklebank L, Ju X, Khambay B, Ayoub A. The virtual human face: superimposing the simultaneously captured 3D photorealistic skin surface of the face on the untextured skin image of the CBCT scan. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42:393-400.