The care for neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 Disease

Abstract

The global COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with high rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, morbidity and mortality in the general population. Current evidence suggests that the risk of a newborn getting COVID-19 from their mother is low, especially when the mother takes steps (such as wearing a mask and her washing hands) to prevent spread before and during care of the newborn. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest vertical transmission between mothers and their newborn infants. However, transmission can happen after birth from mothers or other carers. Based on the currently available data, prolonged skin-to-skin contact and early and exclusive breastfeeding remain the best strategies to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality for both the mother with COVID-19 and her baby.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• SARS-COV2
• Newborn
• Pandemic
• Newborn care
• Breastfeeding

COVID-19’lu anneden doğan yenidoğanın bakımı

Abstract

Küresel COVID ‐ 19 salgını, genel popülasyonda yüksek bulaşıcılık, morbidite ve mortalite oranlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Mevcut kanıtlar, yeni doğmuş bir bebeğin annesinden COVID-19 kapma riskinin özellikle anne yenidoğanın bakımı öncesinde ve sırasında yayılmayı önlemek için (maske takmak ve ellerini yıkamak gibi) adımlar attığında düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Anneler ve yenidoğan bebekleri arasında vertikal geçişle ilgili yeterli kanıt yoktur. Bununla birlikte, annelerden veya diğer bakım verenlerden doğumdan sonra bulaş olabilir. Mevcut verilere dayanarak, hem COVID-19'lu anne hem de bebeği için morbidite ve mortalite risklerini azaltmaya yönelik uzun süreli ten-tene temas, erken ve anne sütüyle besleme en iyi stratejiler olmaya devam etmektedir. The global COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with high rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, morbidity and mortality in the general population. Current evidence suggests that the risk of a newborn getting COVID-19 from their mother is low, especially when the mother takes steps (such as wearing a mask and her washing hands) to prevent spread before and during care of the newborn. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest vertical transmission between mothers and their newborn infants. However, transmission can happen after birth from mothers or other carers. Based on the currently available data, prolonged skin-to-skin contact and early and exclusive breastfeeding remain the best strategies to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality for both the mother with COVID-19 and her baby.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• SARS-COV2
• yenidoğan
• pandemi
• yenidoğan bakımı
• emzirme

References

1. 1. Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(9):752-761
2. 2. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395:809-815.
3. 3. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51-60.
4. 4. Martins-Filho PR, Santos VS, Santos HP. To breastfeed or not to breastfeed? Lack of evidence on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk of pregnant women with COVID-19. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;2020(44):e59. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.59
5. 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation and Management Considerations for Neonates At Risk for COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2020-ncov/hcp/caring-for-newborns.html.
6. 6. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report 96-104. World Health Organization. 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
7. 7. Fan C, Lei D, Fang C, Li C, Wang M, Liu Y, et al. Perinatal transmission of COVID-19 associated SARS-CoV-2: should we worry? Clin Infect Dis. 2020. 10.1093/cid/ciaa226.
8. 8. Puopolo KM, Hudak ML, Kimberlin DW, Cummings J. Initial guidance: management of infants born to mothers with COVID-19. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, and Committee on Infectious Diseases; 2020.https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers/. Accessed 22 April 2020.

9. 9. SONPM National Registry for Surveillance and Epidemiology of Perinatal COVID-19 Infection: Section on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2020. https://my.visme.co/view/ojq9qq8e-npc-19-registry.
10. 10. Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, Tang Y, Deng Q, Zhang W, et al. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAMA. 2020;323:1848–9.
11. 11. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wang J, Liu C, et al. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. 2020;323:1846–8.
12. 12. Lu Q, Shi Y. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and neonate: What neonatologist need to know. J Med Virol. 2020.
13. 13. Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C, et al. Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020;149(2):130-6. 14. Chen Y, Peng H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zeng L, Gao H, et al. Infants Born to Mothers With a New Coronavirus (COVID-19). Front Pediatr. 2020;8:104. 15. Kimberlin DW, Stagno S. Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired in Utero? : More Definitive Evidence Is Needed. JAMA. 2020.
14. 16. Vivanti AJ, Vauloup-Fellous C, Prevot S, Zupan V, Suffee C, Do Cao J, et al. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3572.
15. 17. Penfield CA, Brubaker SG, Limaye MA, Lighter J, Ratner AJ,Thomas KM, et al. Detection of SARS-COV-2 in placental and fetal membrane samples. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM.2020.100133.
16. 18. Stephens AJ, Barton JR, Bentum NA, Blackwell SC, Sibai BM. General guidelines in the management of an obstetrical patient on the labor and delivery unit during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37:829–36.
17. 19. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222:415–26.
18. 20. Salvatore CM, Han JY, Acker KP, Tiwari P, Jin J, Brandler M,et al. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:721–7.
19. 21. American Academy of Pediatrics. FAQs: Management of Infants Born to Mothers with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19. Last Update 02.11.2021
20. 22. Clinical management of COVID-19: Interim guidance. World Health Organization. May 27, 2020. Report No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2020.5.
21. 23. AAFP Statement on Breastfeeding and COVID-19. The American Academy of Family Physicians. 2020. https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding-covid19.html
22. 24. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy. A Guide for Resource-limited Environments, The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2020 27 March 2020.
23. 25. Davanzo R, Moro G, Sandri F, Agosti M, Moretti C, Mosca F. Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease-2019. Ad interim indications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies. Matern Child Nutr. 2020. 10.1111/mcn.13010. 26. Grabarics M, Csernak O, Balogh R, Beni S. Analytical characterization of human milk oligosaccharides - potential applications in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017;146:168-178
24. 27. Munblit D, Treneva M, Peroni D, et al. Immune components in human milk are associated with early infant immunological Health Outcomes: A Prospective Three-Country Analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):532.
25. 28. World health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020.
26. 29. Yeo KT, Oei JL, De Luca D, et al. (2020) Review of guidelines and recommendations from 17 countries highlights the challenges that clinicians face caring for neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 27]. Acta Paediatr.
27. 30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding and Caring for Newborns https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/pregnancy-breastfeeding.html
28. 31. Hoang Thi Tran, Phuong Thi Kim Nguyen, Le Thi Huynh, Chau Hoang Minh Le, Hoang Thi Nam Giang, huong Thi Thu Nguyen, John Murray. Appropriate care for neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 disease. Acta Paediatrica. 2020;109:1713–1716.