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Ambliyopide güncel yaklaşımlar

Year 2007, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 43 - 50, 30.04.2009

Abstract

SüleymanDemirel Üniversitesi
TIP FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ: 2007 Haziran; 14(2)



Ambliyopide güncel yaklaşımlar



Yusuf Özdemir



S.B. Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Devlet Hastanesi Göz Hastalıkları Kliniği, Şanlıurfa



Özet



Ambliyopi göz muayenesinde herhangi bir organik patoloji bulunmamasına rağmen görme keskinliğinde azalma ve anormal binokular etkileşim şeklinde tarif edilir. Görülme sıklığı, yüksek gelir grubunda %1.6-3.6 olarak bildirilmiş olup, bu oran düşük gelir grubunda daha da fazladır. Bu yazıda, ambliyopi ve tedavisi güncel yaklaşımlarla ele alınmıştır.



Anahtar Kelimeler: Ambliyopi, kapama tedavisi.



Abstract



Current Approaches for Ambylopia



Amblyopia is decrease in visual acuity despite no positive finding in ocular examination. The incidence of amblyopia is reported as 3.6% in societies with higher income, and much higher in lower income groups. This manuscript evaluates current concepts and treatment modalities of amblyopia.



Key Words: Amblyopia, occlusion treatment.

References

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  • Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Friedman T, Naor J, et al. Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. J AAPOS 2000; 4: 194–9,
  • Kvarnström G, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G. Visual screeningof Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79 :240–4
  • Kvarnström S, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G, et al. Screening for visual and ocular disorders in children, evaluationof the system in Sweden. Acta Pediatr 1998; 87:1173–9
  • Lennerstrand G, Jakobsson P, Kvarnström G. Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: approaching a common program. Acta Ophthalmol Scand (Suppl 214) 1995; 26–38: discussion 39–40
  • Leske MC, Hawkins B. Screening. Relationship to diagnosis and therapy, in Duane TD, Jaeger EA (eds). Clinical Ophthalmology, Vol. 5. Philadephia: Harper & Row, chap 54; 1994
  • Simons K. Preschool vision screening: rationale, methodology and outcome. Surv Ophthalmol 1996; 41: 3–30
  • Campos EC, Bolzani R, Gualdi G, et al. Recording of disparity vergence in comitant esotropia. Doc Ophthalmol 1989; 71: 69–76
  • Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrand J. Natural history of infantile anisometropia. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 860–3
  • Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrand J. Contrast sensitivity and acuity relationship in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 72: 44–9
  • Adler-Grinberg D. Need for eye and vision care in an underserve population, refractive errors and other ocular anomalies in the Sioux. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1986; 63: 553–8
  • Cass EE. Types of strabismus occurring among Indians and Eskimos of northwest territories, in Shephard R (ed). Circumpolar Health. Toronto, Health and Welfare Canada, Medical Services Branch, Northwest Territories Region. Toronto, University of Toronto Pres 1976; pp 373–82
  • Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, et al. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 1349–55
  • Hainline L, Riddell PM. Binocular alignment and vergence in early infancy. Vision Res 1995; 35: 3229–36
  • Horwood A. Neonatal ocular misalignments reflect vergence development but rarely become esotropia. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1146–50
  • Horwood AM. Maternal observations of ocular alignment in infants. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993; 30: 100–5
  • Slater AM, Findlay JM. Binocular fixation in the newborn baby. J Exp Child Psychol 1975; 20: 248–73
  • Turner JE, Horwood AM,Houston SM, et al. Development of the response AC/A ratio over the first year of life. Vision Res 2002; 42: 2521–32
  • Barrett B, Pacey I, Bradley A, et al. Nonveridical visual perception in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1555–67
  • Daw N: Visual Development. New York, Plenum 1995, pp 139–52
  • Hendrickson AE, Movshon JA, Eggers HM, et al. Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque’s visual system. II. Anatomical observations. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 1327–39
  • Yen MY, Cheng CY, Wang AG. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2224–30
  • Bowman RJ, Williamson TH, Andrews RG, et al. An inner city preschool visual screening programme: long- term visual results. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 543–8
  • Collins A, Hannah J, et al. Anisometropia. Orthoptists and early diagnosis make the difference. Br Orthopt J 1996; 53: 315
  • Kvarnström G, Jakobsson P, Dahlgaard J. Visual screening in Sweden. Effectiveness in the reduction of amblyopia and costs, in de Faber J-T (ed). Progress in Ophthalmology. 9th Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, Sydney, Australia, 17–20 April 2002. Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger 2003 pp 41–5
  • König HH, Barry JC. Cost-utility analysis of orthoptic screening in kindergarten: a Markov model based on data from Germany. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 95–108
  • Ching FC, Parks MM, Friendly DS. Practical management of amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1986; 23:12–6
  • Fricker SJ, Kuperwaser MC, Stromberg AE, et al. Stripe therapy for amblyopia with a modified television game. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 1596–9
  • Gregersen E, Rindziunski OT. Conventional occlusion in the treatment of squint amblyopia. A 10-year followup. Acta Ophthalmol 1965; 43: 462–74
  • Levartovsky S, Oliver M, Gottesman N, et al. Long- term effect of hypermetropic anisometropia on the visual acuity of treated amblyopic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 55–8
  • Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Keech RV. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 258–63
  • Levartovsky S, Oliver M, Gottesman N, et al. Factors affecting long term results of successfully treated amblyopia: initial visual acuity and type of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79: 225–8
  • Lithander J, Sjo¨strand J. Anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia in the age group 2 years and above: a prospective study of the results of treatment. Br JOphthalmol 1991; 75: 111–6
  • Kushner B: Discussion by. Ophthalmol 2003; 110:1637–8
  • Chandna A, Gonzalez-Martin JA, Norcia AM. Recovery of contour integration in relation to LogMAR visual acuity during treatment of amblyopia in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4016–22
  • Clarke M, Richardson S, Hrisos, et al. The UK amblyopia treatment trial. Visual acuity and stereoacuity values in treated and untreated unilateral straight-eyed amblyopia, in deFaber J-T, (ed). Progress in Strabismology. Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger 2003; pp 39–40
  • Clarke W, Noel LP. Prognostic indicators for avoiding occlusion therapy in anisometropic amblyopia. Am Orthop J 1990; 40: 51–63
  • Campbell FW,Hess RF,Watson PG, et al. Preliminary results of a physiologically based treatment of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1978; 62: 748–55
  • Watson PG, Banks RV, Campbell FW, et al. Clinical assessment of a new treatment for amblyopia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1978; 98: 201–8
  • Lennerstrand G, Samuelsson B. Amblyopia in 4-year- old children treated with grating stimulation and full- time occlusion; a comparative study. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: 181–90
  • Nyman KG, Singh G, Rydberg A, et al. Controlled study comparing CAM treatment with occlusion therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: 178–80
  • Schor C, Gibson J, HsuM, et al. The use of rotating gratings for the treatment of amblyopia: a clinical trial. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1981; 58: 930–8
  • Watson PG, Sanac AS, Pickering MS. A comparison of various methods of treatment of amblyopia. A block study. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1985; 104: 319–28
  • Simons K. Amblyopia Characterization,Treatment,and Prophlaxis.Survey of Ophthalmology 2005; 50: 123-169
  • Frank J, France TD. Penalization revisited, refractive penalization in the treatment of amblyopia. Am Orthop J 1982; 32: 905
  • Gernet V. Partialokklusion mit Polarisationsglasern. Ophthalmologica 1961; 141: 220–8
  • Neumann E, Friedman Z, Abel-Peleg B. Prevention of strabismic amblyopia of early onset with special reference to the optimal age for screening. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987; 24: 106–10
  • Campos EC, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Effect of citicoline on visual acuity in amblyopia: preliminary results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1995; 233: 307–12
  • Campos EC. Update on strabismus and amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand (Suppl 214) 1995; 17–24: discussion 24–5
  • Gottlob I, Stangler-Zuschrott E. Effect of levodopa on contrast sensitivity and scotomas in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 776–80
  • Leguire LE, Rogers GL, Walson PD, et al. Occlusion and levodopa-carbidopa treatment for childhood amblyopia. J AAPOS 1998; 2: 257–64
  • Leguire LE, Walson PD, Rogers GL, et al. Levodopa/carbidopa treatment for amblyopia in older children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995; 32: 143–51
  • Leguire LE, Walson PD, Rogers GL, et al Longitudinal study of levodopa/carbidopa for childhood amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993; 30: 354–60
  • Chua B, Mitchell P. Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1119-21
  • Francois J, James M. Comparative study of amblyopic treatment. Am Orthopt J 1955; 5: 61–4
  • Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine versus patch for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children: 2-year follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol (in press)
  • Repka MX, Ray JM. The efficacy of optical and pharmacological penalization. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 769–74: discussion 774–5
  • Simons K, Gotzler KC, Vitale S. Penalization versus part-time occlusion and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 2156–60
  • Doran R, Yarde S, Starbuck A. Comparison of treatment methods in strabismic amblyopia, in Campos E (ed): Strabismus and Ocular Motility Disorders. London, Macmillan Pres 1990; pp 51–9
  • Frandsen A. Occurence of squint. A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population. A c t a O p h t h a l m o l 1 9 6 0 ; 6 2 ( S u p p ) : 1 – 1 5 8
  • Gregersen E, Pontoppidan J, Rindziunski E. Penalization where conventional occlusion treatment fails, in Fells P (ed). The Second Congress of the International Strabismological Association. Marseille, Diffusion Generale 1979; pp74–9
  • Min BM, Kim SY, Ko KH, et al. A comparison of Min’s glasses and conventional occlusion therapy in the treatment of amblyopic children: a prospective study. Korean J Ophthalmol 2000; 14: 32–7
  • Campos ELC, Bolzani R, Schiavi C, et al. Cytidin-5- diphosphocholine enhances the effect of part-time occlusion in amblyopia. Doc Ophthalmol 1997; 93: 247–63
  • Iacobucci I, Archer SM, Furr BA, et al. Bangerter foils in the treatment of moderate amblyopia. Am Orthop J 2001; 51: 891
  • Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, et al. Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 2143–55
  • Fawcett S, Leffler J, Birch EE. Factors influencing stereoacuity in accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS 2000; 4: 15–20
  • Fawcett SL, Birch EE. Risk factors for abnormal binocular vision after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS 2003; 7: 256–62
  • Repka MX, Wentworth D. Predictors of prism response during prism adaptation. Prism Adaptation Study Research Group. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991; 28: 202–5
  • von Noorden G, et al. Letter. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1998; 35:6
  • Frank J, Kushner BJ, Mills MD, et al. Occlusion induced esotropia in siblings. Am Orthop J 1996; 46: 118–22
  • Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, et al. Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS 2002; 6: 289–93
  • Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O’Keefe M. Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81:54–7
  • Latvala ML, PaloheimoM, Karma A. Screening of amblyopic children and long-term follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996; 74: 488–92
  • Bishop J. Treatment of amblyopia secondary to anisometropia. Br Orthopt J 1957; 14: 68–74
  • Brown MH, Edelman PM. Conventional occlusion in the older amblyope. Am Orthopt J 1976; 26: 34–6
  • Hokoda SC, Ciuffreda KJ. Different rates and amounts of vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an older strabismic amblyope. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986; 6: 213-20
  • El Mallah M, Chakravarthy U, Hart PM. Amblyopia, is visual loss permanent. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 952–6
  • Hamed L, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, et al. Improvement of vision in the amblyopic eye following visual loss in the contralateral normal eye. A report of three cases. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 1991; 6: 97–100
  • Tierney DW. Vision recovery in amblyopia after contralateral subretinal hemorrhage. J Am Optom Assoc 1989; 60: 281-3
  • Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children 7 to 18 years old. Arch Ophthalmol (in press)
  • Porciatti V, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Cytidine-5'- diphosphocholine improves visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visually-evoked potentials of amblyopic subjects. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17: 141–8
  • Sridharasundaram P. The efficacy of video biofeedback treatment in amblyopia. Ph.D. Thesis. Optometry and Ophthalmic Dispensing. Norwich, UK, Anglia Polytechnic University 2001, p 363
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Year 2007, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 43 - 50, 30.04.2009

Abstract

References

  • von Noorden GK: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility.St. Louis, Mosby, 1996, pp 132, 136, 143, 216, 218–20, 225,242–3, 249–54, 503, 511, 514–9
  • Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Friedman T, Naor J, et al. Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. J AAPOS 2000; 4: 194–9,
  • Kvarnström G, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G. Visual screeningof Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79 :240–4
  • Kvarnström S, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G, et al. Screening for visual and ocular disorders in children, evaluationof the system in Sweden. Acta Pediatr 1998; 87:1173–9
  • Lennerstrand G, Jakobsson P, Kvarnström G. Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: approaching a common program. Acta Ophthalmol Scand (Suppl 214) 1995; 26–38: discussion 39–40
  • Leske MC, Hawkins B. Screening. Relationship to diagnosis and therapy, in Duane TD, Jaeger EA (eds). Clinical Ophthalmology, Vol. 5. Philadephia: Harper & Row, chap 54; 1994
  • Simons K. Preschool vision screening: rationale, methodology and outcome. Surv Ophthalmol 1996; 41: 3–30
  • Campos EC, Bolzani R, Gualdi G, et al. Recording of disparity vergence in comitant esotropia. Doc Ophthalmol 1989; 71: 69–76
  • Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrand J. Natural history of infantile anisometropia. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 860–3
  • Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrand J. Contrast sensitivity and acuity relationship in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 72: 44–9
  • Adler-Grinberg D. Need for eye and vision care in an underserve population, refractive errors and other ocular anomalies in the Sioux. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1986; 63: 553–8
  • Cass EE. Types of strabismus occurring among Indians and Eskimos of northwest territories, in Shephard R (ed). Circumpolar Health. Toronto, Health and Welfare Canada, Medical Services Branch, Northwest Territories Region. Toronto, University of Toronto Pres 1976; pp 373–82
  • Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, et al. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 1349–55
  • Hainline L, Riddell PM. Binocular alignment and vergence in early infancy. Vision Res 1995; 35: 3229–36
  • Horwood A. Neonatal ocular misalignments reflect vergence development but rarely become esotropia. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1146–50
  • Horwood AM. Maternal observations of ocular alignment in infants. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993; 30: 100–5
  • Slater AM, Findlay JM. Binocular fixation in the newborn baby. J Exp Child Psychol 1975; 20: 248–73
  • Turner JE, Horwood AM,Houston SM, et al. Development of the response AC/A ratio over the first year of life. Vision Res 2002; 42: 2521–32
  • Barrett B, Pacey I, Bradley A, et al. Nonveridical visual perception in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1555–67
  • Daw N: Visual Development. New York, Plenum 1995, pp 139–52
  • Hendrickson AE, Movshon JA, Eggers HM, et al. Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque’s visual system. II. Anatomical observations. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 1327–39
  • Yen MY, Cheng CY, Wang AG. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2224–30
  • Bowman RJ, Williamson TH, Andrews RG, et al. An inner city preschool visual screening programme: long- term visual results. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 543–8
  • Collins A, Hannah J, et al. Anisometropia. Orthoptists and early diagnosis make the difference. Br Orthopt J 1996; 53: 315
  • Kvarnström G, Jakobsson P, Dahlgaard J. Visual screening in Sweden. Effectiveness in the reduction of amblyopia and costs, in de Faber J-T (ed). Progress in Ophthalmology. 9th Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, Sydney, Australia, 17–20 April 2002. Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger 2003 pp 41–5
  • König HH, Barry JC. Cost-utility analysis of orthoptic screening in kindergarten: a Markov model based on data from Germany. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 95–108
  • Ching FC, Parks MM, Friendly DS. Practical management of amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1986; 23:12–6
  • Fricker SJ, Kuperwaser MC, Stromberg AE, et al. Stripe therapy for amblyopia with a modified television game. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 1596–9
  • Gregersen E, Rindziunski OT. Conventional occlusion in the treatment of squint amblyopia. A 10-year followup. Acta Ophthalmol 1965; 43: 462–74
  • Levartovsky S, Oliver M, Gottesman N, et al. Long- term effect of hypermetropic anisometropia on the visual acuity of treated amblyopic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 55–8
  • Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Keech RV. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 258–63
  • Levartovsky S, Oliver M, Gottesman N, et al. Factors affecting long term results of successfully treated amblyopia: initial visual acuity and type of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79: 225–8
  • Lithander J, Sjo¨strand J. Anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia in the age group 2 years and above: a prospective study of the results of treatment. Br JOphthalmol 1991; 75: 111–6
  • Kushner B: Discussion by. Ophthalmol 2003; 110:1637–8
  • Chandna A, Gonzalez-Martin JA, Norcia AM. Recovery of contour integration in relation to LogMAR visual acuity during treatment of amblyopia in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4016–22
  • Clarke M, Richardson S, Hrisos, et al. The UK amblyopia treatment trial. Visual acuity and stereoacuity values in treated and untreated unilateral straight-eyed amblyopia, in deFaber J-T, (ed). Progress in Strabismology. Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger 2003; pp 39–40
  • Clarke W, Noel LP. Prognostic indicators for avoiding occlusion therapy in anisometropic amblyopia. Am Orthop J 1990; 40: 51–63
  • Campbell FW,Hess RF,Watson PG, et al. Preliminary results of a physiologically based treatment of amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1978; 62: 748–55
  • Watson PG, Banks RV, Campbell FW, et al. Clinical assessment of a new treatment for amblyopia. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1978; 98: 201–8
  • Lennerstrand G, Samuelsson B. Amblyopia in 4-year- old children treated with grating stimulation and full- time occlusion; a comparative study. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: 181–90
  • Nyman KG, Singh G, Rydberg A, et al. Controlled study comparing CAM treatment with occlusion therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: 178–80
  • Schor C, Gibson J, HsuM, et al. The use of rotating gratings for the treatment of amblyopia: a clinical trial. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1981; 58: 930–8
  • Watson PG, Sanac AS, Pickering MS. A comparison of various methods of treatment of amblyopia. A block study. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1985; 104: 319–28
  • Simons K. Amblyopia Characterization,Treatment,and Prophlaxis.Survey of Ophthalmology 2005; 50: 123-169
  • Frank J, France TD. Penalization revisited, refractive penalization in the treatment of amblyopia. Am Orthop J 1982; 32: 905
  • Gernet V. Partialokklusion mit Polarisationsglasern. Ophthalmologica 1961; 141: 220–8
  • Neumann E, Friedman Z, Abel-Peleg B. Prevention of strabismic amblyopia of early onset with special reference to the optimal age for screening. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1987; 24: 106–10
  • Campos EC, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Effect of citicoline on visual acuity in amblyopia: preliminary results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1995; 233: 307–12
  • Campos EC. Update on strabismus and amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand (Suppl 214) 1995; 17–24: discussion 24–5
  • Gottlob I, Stangler-Zuschrott E. Effect of levodopa on contrast sensitivity and scotomas in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 776–80
  • Leguire LE, Rogers GL, Walson PD, et al. Occlusion and levodopa-carbidopa treatment for childhood amblyopia. J AAPOS 1998; 2: 257–64
  • Leguire LE, Walson PD, Rogers GL, et al. Levodopa/carbidopa treatment for amblyopia in older children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995; 32: 143–51
  • Leguire LE, Walson PD, Rogers GL, et al Longitudinal study of levodopa/carbidopa for childhood amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993; 30: 354–60
  • Chua B, Mitchell P. Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1119-21
  • Francois J, James M. Comparative study of amblyopic treatment. Am Orthopt J 1955; 5: 61–4
  • Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine versus patch for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children: 2-year follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol (in press)
  • Repka MX, Ray JM. The efficacy of optical and pharmacological penalization. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 769–74: discussion 774–5
  • Simons K, Gotzler KC, Vitale S. Penalization versus part-time occlusion and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 2156–60
  • Doran R, Yarde S, Starbuck A. Comparison of treatment methods in strabismic amblyopia, in Campos E (ed): Strabismus and Ocular Motility Disorders. London, Macmillan Pres 1990; pp 51–9
  • Frandsen A. Occurence of squint. A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population. A c t a O p h t h a l m o l 1 9 6 0 ; 6 2 ( S u p p ) : 1 – 1 5 8
  • Gregersen E, Pontoppidan J, Rindziunski E. Penalization where conventional occlusion treatment fails, in Fells P (ed). The Second Congress of the International Strabismological Association. Marseille, Diffusion Generale 1979; pp74–9
  • Min BM, Kim SY, Ko KH, et al. A comparison of Min’s glasses and conventional occlusion therapy in the treatment of amblyopic children: a prospective study. Korean J Ophthalmol 2000; 14: 32–7
  • Campos ELC, Bolzani R, Schiavi C, et al. Cytidin-5- diphosphocholine enhances the effect of part-time occlusion in amblyopia. Doc Ophthalmol 1997; 93: 247–63
  • Iacobucci I, Archer SM, Furr BA, et al. Bangerter foils in the treatment of moderate amblyopia. Am Orthop J 2001; 51: 891
  • Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, et al. Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 2143–55
  • Fawcett S, Leffler J, Birch EE. Factors influencing stereoacuity in accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS 2000; 4: 15–20
  • Fawcett SL, Birch EE. Risk factors for abnormal binocular vision after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS 2003; 7: 256–62
  • Repka MX, Wentworth D. Predictors of prism response during prism adaptation. Prism Adaptation Study Research Group. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991; 28: 202–5
  • von Noorden G, et al. Letter. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1998; 35:6
  • Frank J, Kushner BJ, Mills MD, et al. Occlusion induced esotropia in siblings. Am Orthop J 1996; 46: 118–22
  • Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, et al. Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS 2002; 6: 289–93
  • Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O’Keefe M. Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81:54–7
  • Latvala ML, PaloheimoM, Karma A. Screening of amblyopic children and long-term follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996; 74: 488–92
  • Bishop J. Treatment of amblyopia secondary to anisometropia. Br Orthopt J 1957; 14: 68–74
  • Brown MH, Edelman PM. Conventional occlusion in the older amblyope. Am Orthopt J 1976; 26: 34–6
  • Hokoda SC, Ciuffreda KJ. Different rates and amounts of vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an older strabismic amblyope. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986; 6: 213-20
  • El Mallah M, Chakravarthy U, Hart PM. Amblyopia, is visual loss permanent. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 952–6
  • Hamed L, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, et al. Improvement of vision in the amblyopic eye following visual loss in the contralateral normal eye. A report of three cases. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 1991; 6: 97–100
  • Tierney DW. Vision recovery in amblyopia after contralateral subretinal hemorrhage. J Am Optom Assoc 1989; 60: 281-3
  • Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children 7 to 18 years old. Arch Ophthalmol (in press)
  • Porciatti V, Schiavi C, Benedetti P, et al. Cytidine-5'- diphosphocholine improves visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visually-evoked potentials of amblyopic subjects. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17: 141–8
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There are 87 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Yusuf Özdemir This is me

Publication Date April 30, 2009
Submission Date April 30, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Özdemir Y. Ambliyopide güncel yaklaşımlar. Med J SDU. 2009;14(2):43-50.

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