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AĞRI FİZYOPATOLOJİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.444237

Abstract

Ağrı,
insanların hayatlarına rahatsızlık vermekle beraber aslında vücudun verdiği
korumaya yönelik bir sinyaldir. Ağrı fizyolojisindeki süreç nosiseptör adı
verilen özelleşmiş reseptörlerin ağrı oluşturabilecek uyaran tarafından aktive
olması ile başlar. Aδ lifleri hızlı; C lifleri ise yavaş ağrı uyarısını
taşıyarak kortekste duygusal ve bilişsel ağrı oluşumundan sorumlu bölgelerle
buluşuncaya kadar ağrı algısı gerçekleşmez. Ağrı sınıflandırılmasında bulunan
ve önemli hastalık popülasyonunu oluşturan nöropatik ağrılar ise periferik veya
merkezi sinir sisteminin hasarı veya işlev bozukluğunda ortaya çıkar. Ağrı
sıklıkla yanıcı, keskin karakterlidir ve bazen elektrik çarpması şeklinde tarif
edilir. Kimi zaman uyarı varlığından bahsetmeden oluşan ağrıda bellek kavramını
bilmek gerekir. Ağrı belleğimizin çalışması, reseptörlerce değişimler sonucu
gerçekleşmektedir. Son zamanlarda ağrıda rol alan fizyolojik ve kimyasal
mekanizmaların anlaşılması ile ağrı tedavisinde önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır.
Yeni tedavilere yol açacak olan reseptör ve transmitter ilişkisini tanımlamak
araştırmacılar adına önem taşımaktadır. Ağrı fizyopatolojisi hakkındaki
bilgilerimizi geliştirerek yenilemek, klinik ve araştırma sahasında gelişen
teknolojik unsurlarla insanoğlunun yaşam kalitesini arttırıcı, etkin ve
güvenilir tedaviler sunulmasında temel oluşturabilir.

References

  • 1. Tan E. Nöropatik Ağrı. Ankara, Türkiye, Nobel Matbaası, 2009;1-63.2. Aydın ON. Ağrı ve Ağrı Mekanizmalarına Güncel Bakış. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2002; 3(2): 37-48.3. Rodney A.R, David R.B. Tıbbi Fizyoloji (Ed. Ağar E.). İstanbul, Türkiye, İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, 2017; 61-67.4. Pınar L. Sinir Ve Kas Fizyolojisi Temel Bilgileri. 4. Baskı. Ankara. Türkiye, Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2016; 151-155.5. https://saglikkaynagim.com/category/agri/page/16 (12.07.18) 6. Velioğlu SK. Ağrı Anatomisi: Ağrı Yolakları, Beyin Sapı ve Beyin. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 329-335.7. Savrun F. Ağrıda Nörofizyolojik Yöntemlerin Yeri. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 339-347.8. Woojin Kim, Yeongu Chung, Orcid, Seunghwan Choi, Byung-Il Min and Sun Kwang Kim. Duloxetine Protects against Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Neuron Hyperexcitability in Rodents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(12): 2626. 9. Cecilia Reali, Pascal Fossat, Marc Landry, Raúl E Russo and Frederic Nagy. Intrinsic membrane properties of spinal dorsal horn neurones modulate nociceptive information processing in vivo. J Physiol. 2011; 1,589(Pt 11): 2733–2743.10. P.D.Wall The Lamınar Organızatıon Of Dorsal Horn And Effects Of Descending Impulses. J-Physiol. 1967;188:403-423.11. Qian Xu, Wei-yan Li, and Yun Guan. Mu-opioidergic modulation differs in deep and superficial wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2013; 9(549): 157–162.12. Yılmaz İ. Farelerde Dipirona Karsı Gelisen Analjezik Toleransta Nitrik Oksidin Rolü. 2008. 13. Staunton CA, Barrett-Jolley R, Djouhri L, Thippeswamy T. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition by 1400W limits pain hypersensitivity in a neuropathic pain rat model. Exp Physiol. 2018 doi: 10.1113/EP086764.14. Shao-RuiChenXiao-GaoJinHui-LinPan. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits spinal NMDA receptor activity and pain hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury. Neuropharmacology. 2017; 125: 156-165.15. Richard D'Mello, Claire A. Sand, Sophie Pezet, James M. Leiper, Egle Gaurilcikaite, Stephen B. McMahon, Anthony H. Dickenson, and Manasi Nandi. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 is involved in spinal nociceptive plasticity. Pain. 2015; 156(10): 2052–2060.16. Ertekin C. Yegül İ (Editör). Ağrının nöroanatomisi ve nörofizyolojisi Ağrı ve tedavisi. İzmir, Türkiye, Yapım Matbaacılık, 1993; 1-18.17. Raj PP. Erdine S (Editör) Ağrı taksonomisi. İstanbul, Türkiye, Alemdar Ofset, 2000; 12-20.18. Barrett K.E. (Ed. Gökbel H.). Ganong’un Tıbbi Fizyolojisi. İstanbul, Türkiye, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2015; 157-173.19. Kurtcan S, Toprak H, Aralaşmak A. Ağrı Görüntülenmesi. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 335-339.20. Melzack R,Wall PD. Pain Mechanism: a New Theory. Science 1965; 150(3699) : 971-978.21. Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A: İnterleukin-1b- Mediated İnduction of Cox-2 in The Cns Contributes to İnflammatory Pain Hypersensitivity. Natüre 2001; 410: 471-475.22. Kayıhan Hülya, Fizyoterapi’de Isı Işık Su, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi Ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu Yayınları 8, 1992.23. Othmar J. Wess. A neural model for chronic pain and pain relief by extracorporeal shock wave treatment. Urological Research. 2008, 36(6); 327–334.24. Sandkuehler J. Learning and Memory in Pain Patways. Pain 2000; 113-118.25. P. Aguiar. M. Sousa, and D. Lima. NMDA Channels Together With L-Type Calcium Currents and Calcium-Activated Nonspecific Cationic Currents Are Sufficient to Generate Windup in WDR Neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2010; 104(2): 1155-1166.26. Ivan Rivera-Arconada, Carolina Roza, Jose A. Lopez-Garcia. Spinal Reflexes and Windup In Vitro: Effects of Analgesics and Anesthetics. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 2016; 22: 127–134.27. Rachael L. Bosma, Elham Ameli Mojarad, Lawrence Leung, Caroline Pukall, Roland Staud and Patrick W. Stroman. Neural Correlates of Temporal Summation of Second Pain in the Human Brainstem and Spinal Cord. Human Brain Mapping 2015; 36: 5038–5050.28. Randic AM, Jiang MC, Cerne R. Long-Term Potentiation and Long –Term Depression of Primary Afferent Neurotransmission in The Rat Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 5228-5241.
  • 29. Thomas Klein, Simon Stahn, Walter Magerl, Rolf-Detlef Treede. The role of heterosynaptic facilitation in long-term potentiation (LTP) of human pain sensation. Pain. 2008; 139: 507–51930. Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh, Makoto Tsuda, Hiroyuki Miyata, Kazuaki Ueda, Shinichi Kohsaka and Kazuhide Inoue. P2Y12 Receptors in Spinal Microglia Are Required for Neuropathic Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2008; 28(19): 4949 – 4956.31. Thomas Klein, Simon Stahn, Walter Magerl, Rolf-Detlef Treede. The role of heterosynaptic facilitation in long-term potentiation (LTP) of human pain sensation. Pain 139 (2008) 507–519.32. Andrew M. Tan Stephen G. Waxman. Spinal cord injury, dendritic spine remodeling, and spinal memory mechanisms. Experimental Neurology, 2012; 235(1): 142-151.33. Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA. Central Sensitizasyon and LTP : Do Pain and Memory Share Similar Mechanism? Trends neurosci 2003; 26: 696-705.34. Lutzenberger W, Flor H,Birbaumer N. Enhanced Dimensional Complexity of The EEG During Memory For Personal Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. Neurosci Lett. 1997; 266:167-170.35. William DW Jr. The Somatosensory System, With Emphasis On Structures İmportant For Pain. Brain Res Rev 2007; 55: 297-313. 36. Çelik ÖA, Şengün İ.Ş. Nöropatik Ağrının Fizyopatolojisi Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji. 2017; 10(4): 378-384.37. Şengün, İŞ. Nöropatik Ağrı Mekanizmaları. In: Nöropatik Ağrı, Tan E, Veri Medikal Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, 2009; 25-47.38. Anthony P. Ford and Bradley J. Undem. The therapeutic promise of ATP antagonism at P2X3 receptors in respiratory and urological disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2013; 7: 26739. Coutaux A, Adam F, Willer JC. Hyperalgesia and Allodinia: Peripheral Mechanism. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72: 359-37140. Ji Ru-Rong and Strichartz Gary. Cell Signaling and the Genesis Of Neuropathic Pain. Science's STKE 2004; 252: [DOI: 10.1126/stke.2522004re14]41. Ricardo González-Ramírez, Yong Chen, Wolfgang B. Liedtke ve Sara L. Morales-Lázaro. Neurobiology of TRP Channels. 2nd edition. TRP Channels and Pain. (Chapter 8) Emir TLR, editor. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2017.42. P.E.Juif, M.Melchior, P.Poisbeau. Characterization of the fast GABAergic inhibitory action of etifoxine during spinal nociceptive processing in male rats. Neuropharmacology. 2015; 91: 117-122.43. Lauriane Ulmann, Jon P. Hatcher, Jane P. Hughes, Séverine Chaumont, Paula J. Green, François Conquet, Gary N. Buell, Alison J. Reeve, Iain P. Chessell and Francois Rassendren. Up-Regulation of P2X4 Receptors in Spinal Microglia after Peripheral Nerve Injury Mediates BDNF Release and Neuropathic Pain. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(44): 11263-11268.44. Neuropathic Pain models caused by damage to central or peripheral nervous system.Kumar A, Kaur H, Singh A. Pharmacol Rep. 2017; 70(2): 206-216.45. Ya-QunZhou, Dai-QiangLiu, Shu-PingChen, JiaSun, Xiao-MeiWang, Yu-KeTian, WeiWucDa-WeiYe. Minocycline as a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic pain. Pharmacological Research. 2018.46. Central sensitization Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. ;152(3 Suppl) S2-15.47. Özveren Hüsna. Ağrı Kontrolünde Farmakolojik Olmayan Yöntemler, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2011; 83-92.48. https://saglikkaynagim.com/agri/kapi-kontrol-teorisi.html, 2017. 49. Przewłocki R, Przewłocki B. Opioids in chronic pain. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 429(1-3): 79-91.
Year 2019, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 01.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.444237

Abstract

References

  • 1. Tan E. Nöropatik Ağrı. Ankara, Türkiye, Nobel Matbaası, 2009;1-63.2. Aydın ON. Ağrı ve Ağrı Mekanizmalarına Güncel Bakış. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2002; 3(2): 37-48.3. Rodney A.R, David R.B. Tıbbi Fizyoloji (Ed. Ağar E.). İstanbul, Türkiye, İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, 2017; 61-67.4. Pınar L. Sinir Ve Kas Fizyolojisi Temel Bilgileri. 4. Baskı. Ankara. Türkiye, Akademisyen Kitabevi, 2016; 151-155.5. https://saglikkaynagim.com/category/agri/page/16 (12.07.18) 6. Velioğlu SK. Ağrı Anatomisi: Ağrı Yolakları, Beyin Sapı ve Beyin. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 329-335.7. Savrun F. Ağrıda Nörofizyolojik Yöntemlerin Yeri. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 339-347.8. Woojin Kim, Yeongu Chung, Orcid, Seunghwan Choi, Byung-Il Min and Sun Kwang Kim. Duloxetine Protects against Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Neuron Hyperexcitability in Rodents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(12): 2626. 9. Cecilia Reali, Pascal Fossat, Marc Landry, Raúl E Russo and Frederic Nagy. Intrinsic membrane properties of spinal dorsal horn neurones modulate nociceptive information processing in vivo. J Physiol. 2011; 1,589(Pt 11): 2733–2743.10. P.D.Wall The Lamınar Organızatıon Of Dorsal Horn And Effects Of Descending Impulses. J-Physiol. 1967;188:403-423.11. Qian Xu, Wei-yan Li, and Yun Guan. Mu-opioidergic modulation differs in deep and superficial wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2013; 9(549): 157–162.12. Yılmaz İ. Farelerde Dipirona Karsı Gelisen Analjezik Toleransta Nitrik Oksidin Rolü. 2008. 13. Staunton CA, Barrett-Jolley R, Djouhri L, Thippeswamy T. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition by 1400W limits pain hypersensitivity in a neuropathic pain rat model. Exp Physiol. 2018 doi: 10.1113/EP086764.14. Shao-RuiChenXiao-GaoJinHui-LinPan. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits spinal NMDA receptor activity and pain hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury. Neuropharmacology. 2017; 125: 156-165.15. Richard D'Mello, Claire A. Sand, Sophie Pezet, James M. Leiper, Egle Gaurilcikaite, Stephen B. McMahon, Anthony H. Dickenson, and Manasi Nandi. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 is involved in spinal nociceptive plasticity. Pain. 2015; 156(10): 2052–2060.16. Ertekin C. Yegül İ (Editör). Ağrının nöroanatomisi ve nörofizyolojisi Ağrı ve tedavisi. İzmir, Türkiye, Yapım Matbaacılık, 1993; 1-18.17. Raj PP. Erdine S (Editör) Ağrı taksonomisi. İstanbul, Türkiye, Alemdar Ofset, 2000; 12-20.18. Barrett K.E. (Ed. Gökbel H.). Ganong’un Tıbbi Fizyolojisi. İstanbul, Türkiye, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2015; 157-173.19. Kurtcan S, Toprak H, Aralaşmak A. Ağrı Görüntülenmesi. Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji 2017; 10(4): 335-339.20. Melzack R,Wall PD. Pain Mechanism: a New Theory. Science 1965; 150(3699) : 971-978.21. Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A: İnterleukin-1b- Mediated İnduction of Cox-2 in The Cns Contributes to İnflammatory Pain Hypersensitivity. Natüre 2001; 410: 471-475.22. Kayıhan Hülya, Fizyoterapi’de Isı Işık Su, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi Ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu Yayınları 8, 1992.23. Othmar J. Wess. A neural model for chronic pain and pain relief by extracorporeal shock wave treatment. Urological Research. 2008, 36(6); 327–334.24. Sandkuehler J. Learning and Memory in Pain Patways. Pain 2000; 113-118.25. P. Aguiar. M. Sousa, and D. Lima. NMDA Channels Together With L-Type Calcium Currents and Calcium-Activated Nonspecific Cationic Currents Are Sufficient to Generate Windup in WDR Neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2010; 104(2): 1155-1166.26. Ivan Rivera-Arconada, Carolina Roza, Jose A. Lopez-Garcia. Spinal Reflexes and Windup In Vitro: Effects of Analgesics and Anesthetics. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 2016; 22: 127–134.27. Rachael L. Bosma, Elham Ameli Mojarad, Lawrence Leung, Caroline Pukall, Roland Staud and Patrick W. Stroman. Neural Correlates of Temporal Summation of Second Pain in the Human Brainstem and Spinal Cord. Human Brain Mapping 2015; 36: 5038–5050.28. Randic AM, Jiang MC, Cerne R. Long-Term Potentiation and Long –Term Depression of Primary Afferent Neurotransmission in The Rat Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 5228-5241.
  • 29. Thomas Klein, Simon Stahn, Walter Magerl, Rolf-Detlef Treede. The role of heterosynaptic facilitation in long-term potentiation (LTP) of human pain sensation. Pain. 2008; 139: 507–51930. Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh, Makoto Tsuda, Hiroyuki Miyata, Kazuaki Ueda, Shinichi Kohsaka and Kazuhide Inoue. P2Y12 Receptors in Spinal Microglia Are Required for Neuropathic Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2008; 28(19): 4949 – 4956.31. Thomas Klein, Simon Stahn, Walter Magerl, Rolf-Detlef Treede. The role of heterosynaptic facilitation in long-term potentiation (LTP) of human pain sensation. Pain 139 (2008) 507–519.32. Andrew M. Tan Stephen G. Waxman. Spinal cord injury, dendritic spine remodeling, and spinal memory mechanisms. Experimental Neurology, 2012; 235(1): 142-151.33. Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA. Central Sensitizasyon and LTP : Do Pain and Memory Share Similar Mechanism? Trends neurosci 2003; 26: 696-705.34. Lutzenberger W, Flor H,Birbaumer N. Enhanced Dimensional Complexity of The EEG During Memory For Personal Pain in Chronic Pain Patients. Neurosci Lett. 1997; 266:167-170.35. William DW Jr. The Somatosensory System, With Emphasis On Structures İmportant For Pain. Brain Res Rev 2007; 55: 297-313. 36. Çelik ÖA, Şengün İ.Ş. Nöropatik Ağrının Fizyopatolojisi Türk Klinikleri Dergisi Nöroloji. 2017; 10(4): 378-384.37. Şengün, İŞ. Nöropatik Ağrı Mekanizmaları. In: Nöropatik Ağrı, Tan E, Veri Medikal Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, 2009; 25-47.38. Anthony P. Ford and Bradley J. Undem. The therapeutic promise of ATP antagonism at P2X3 receptors in respiratory and urological disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2013; 7: 26739. Coutaux A, Adam F, Willer JC. Hyperalgesia and Allodinia: Peripheral Mechanism. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72: 359-37140. Ji Ru-Rong and Strichartz Gary. Cell Signaling and the Genesis Of Neuropathic Pain. Science's STKE 2004; 252: [DOI: 10.1126/stke.2522004re14]41. Ricardo González-Ramírez, Yong Chen, Wolfgang B. Liedtke ve Sara L. Morales-Lázaro. Neurobiology of TRP Channels. 2nd edition. TRP Channels and Pain. (Chapter 8) Emir TLR, editor. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2017.42. P.E.Juif, M.Melchior, P.Poisbeau. Characterization of the fast GABAergic inhibitory action of etifoxine during spinal nociceptive processing in male rats. Neuropharmacology. 2015; 91: 117-122.43. Lauriane Ulmann, Jon P. Hatcher, Jane P. Hughes, Séverine Chaumont, Paula J. Green, François Conquet, Gary N. Buell, Alison J. Reeve, Iain P. Chessell and Francois Rassendren. Up-Regulation of P2X4 Receptors in Spinal Microglia after Peripheral Nerve Injury Mediates BDNF Release and Neuropathic Pain. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(44): 11263-11268.44. Neuropathic Pain models caused by damage to central or peripheral nervous system.Kumar A, Kaur H, Singh A. Pharmacol Rep. 2017; 70(2): 206-216.45. Ya-QunZhou, Dai-QiangLiu, Shu-PingChen, JiaSun, Xiao-MeiWang, Yu-KeTian, WeiWucDa-WeiYe. Minocycline as a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic pain. Pharmacological Research. 2018.46. Central sensitization Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. ;152(3 Suppl) S2-15.47. Özveren Hüsna. Ağrı Kontrolünde Farmakolojik Olmayan Yöntemler, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2011; 83-92.48. https://saglikkaynagim.com/agri/kapi-kontrol-teorisi.html, 2017. 49. Przewłocki R, Przewłocki B. Opioids in chronic pain. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 429(1-3): 79-91.
There are 2 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ülker Yağcı This is me

Mustafa Saygin This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2019
Submission Date July 16, 2018
Acceptance Date November 16, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Yağcı Ü, Saygin M. AĞRI FİZYOPATOLOJİSİ. Med J SDU. 2019;26(2):209-20.

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