The Effects of Pruning Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as a Single Stemmed and Single-Headed Morphological Design on Growth and Development Characteristics and Agricultural Potential

Yıl 2023, , 40 - 49, 13.06.2023

Firooz Ahmad Nıkzad , Hasan Baydar

https://doi.org/10.54975/isubuzfd.1260726

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine the possible effects of pruning the side branches at different stages, designed as a single stem/single head, on the growth and development characteristics of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plant and its agricultural potential under the different plant spacing. In the research, which was established with 3 replications according to the split-plot, 3 pruning times (beginning of budding, end of budding and beginning of flowering) and 3 different row distances (15 x 10, 30 x 10, and 45 x 10 cm) were applied. While pruning treatments had positive effects on chlorophyll content, plant height, head diameter, seed number, and 1000 seed weight, they had negative effects on seed weight, harvest index, oil ratio, seed and oil yield. Chlorophyll content, plant height, the number of branches, head diameter, the number of heads, the number of seeds, seed weight, and 1000 seed weight increased as row spacing widened; harvest index, seed and oil yield decreased; oil ratio was unaffected. The research findings showed that pruning time and sowing distances had non-significant effect on fatty acid composition. Despite having more seeds and a heavier 1000 seed weight, plants with a single stem/single head had lower seed and oil yields because they did not have as many heads as branched plants. The research findings are important in providing data that can be a role model for genetically non-branching plants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Agronomic potential, morphological design, pruning, safflower, single-stem and single-head

Teşekkür

This research article was produced from the master's thesis submitted by Firooz Ahmad NIKZAD at Isparta University of Applied Sciences Graduate Education Institute, Department of Field Crops.

Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Bitkisinin Budanmasi ile Oluşturulan Tek Sap ve Tek Tabla Şeklindeki Morfolojik Tasarımın Büyüme ve Gelişme Özellikleri ile Tarimsal Potansiyeli Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırma, tek bir ana sap üzerinde tek bir ana tabla kalacak şekilde yan dalları budanarak dizayn edilen aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) bitkisinin farklı ekim sıklığı koşullarında büyüme ve gelişme özellikleri ile tarımsal potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulan çalışmada, kontrol (budama yok) ile birlikte 3 budama zamanı (tomurcuklanma başlangıcı, tomurcuklanma sonu ve çiçeklenme başlangıcı) ve 3 sıra arası mesafe (15 x 10, 30 x 10 ve 45 x 10 cm) uygulanmıştır. Budama ile birlikte klorofil içeriği, bitki boyu, tabla çapı, tohum sayısı ve 1000 tane ağırlığı olumlu yönde, tohum ağırlığı, hasat indeksi, yağ oranı, tohum ve yağ verimi olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Sıra arası mesafe genişledikçe klorofil içeriği, bitki boyu, dal sayısı, tabla çapı, tabla sayısı, tohum sayısı, tohum ağırlığı ve 1000 tane ağırlığı artarken, hasat indeksi, tohum ve yağ verimi azalmış, yağ oranı önemli düzeyde etkilenmemiştir. Yağ asitleri kompozisyonu üzerine hem budama zamanının hem de ekim sıklığının önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır. Tek sap/tek tabla bırakılan bitkilerin tablada tohum sayıları ve 1000 tane ağırlıkları fazla da olsa, dallanan bitkiler kadar çok tabla sayısına sahip olmadıklarından tohum ve yağ verimleri düşük kalmıştır. Budama yapılarak tek sap/tek tabla bırakılan bitkilerden elde edilen araştırma bulgularının, genetik dallanmayan bitkiler için rol model olabilecek veriler sunması bakımından oldukça önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarımsal potansiyel, morfolojik tasarım, budama, aspir, tek sap ve tek tabla

Kaynakça

• Abel, G. H. (1976). Effects of irrigation regimes, planting dates, nitrogen levels, and row Spacing on safflower cultivars. Agronomy Journal, 68(3), 448-451.
• Açıkgöz, N., Ilker, E., & Gökçol, A. (2004). Assessment of biological research on the computer (2nd ed.). EU TOTEM, Izmir.
• AL-Doori, S. A. M. (2013). Performance of some safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.) according to varying row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Journal Tikrit Universit for Agricultural Sciences, 13(3), 15-19.
• Arslan, B., Çakır, H., & Culpan, E. (2019). Yeni geliştirilen aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin bazı özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılması. 2. Uluslararasi 19 Mayıs Yenilikçi Bilimsel Yaklaşimlar Kongresi, Uygulamalı Bilimler, 113-121.
• Ashri, A., Zimmer, D. E., Urie, A. L., Cahaner, A., & Marani, A. (1974). Evaluation of the world collection of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. IV. Yield and yield components and their relationships. Crop Science, 14(6), 799-802.
• Baydar, H. (2021). Bitki Genetiği ve Islahı. (2. Basım). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Baydar, H., & Erbaş, S. (2007). Türkiye'de yemeklik yağ ve biyodizel üretimine uygun aspir ıslahı. Ulusal Yağlı Tohumlu Bitkiler ve Biyodizel Sempozyumu, 28(31), 378-386.
• Baydar, H., & Erbaş, S. (2014). Yağ Bitkileri Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 97, Isparta
• Baydar, H., & Erbaş, S. (2016). Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.)’de verim, yağ ve oleik asit içeriği yüksek hat geliştirme ıslahı. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2), 155-161.
• Baydar, H., & Turgut, İ. (1999). Yağlı tohumlu bitkilerde yağ asitleri kompozisyonunun bazı morfolojik ve fizyolojik özelliklere ve ekolojik bölgelere göre değişimi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23(1), 81-86.
• Baydar, H., Erbaş, S., & Nikzad, F. A. (2022). Spontan mutasyonlar ile ortaya çıkan dallanmayan tek tablalı aspir mutantlarının karakteristik özellikleri ve ıslah potansiyeli. International Field Crops Congress, September 29 -October 2, 2022, Rize, Turkey.
• Bellé, R., Rocha, E., Backes, F., Neuhaus, M., & Schwab, N. (2012). Safflower grown in different sowing dates and plant densities. Ciência Rural, 42, 2145-2152.
• Çalışkan, R., & Yüksel, O. (2022). Farklı ekim sıklığı ve hasat dönemlerinin aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.)’de kuru madde verimi ile bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 11(1), 147-154. Çalışkan, S., & Çalışkan, M. E. (2018). Row and plant spacing effects on the yield and yield components of safflower in a mediterranean-type environment. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 23(2), 85-92.
• Claassen, C.E. (1952). Inheritance of sterility, flower color, spinelessness, attached pappus and rust resistance in safflower, Carthamus tinctorius. Historical Research Bulletins of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station (1913-1993), 133.
• Demir, İ. (2021). Relationship between photosynthetic pigments and seed yield components in soybean cultivars in a semi-arid region. Pakıstan Journal of Botany, 53(3), 859-863. Deokar, A. B., Patil, F. B., & Patil, G. D. (1978). Inheritance of monocapitulum character in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 3(3), 257-258.
• Deshpande, R. B. (1940). A sterile mutant in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Current Science, 9, 370-71.
• Ebert, W., & Knowles, P. F. (1968). Developmental and anatomical characteristics of thin-hull mutants of Carthamus tinctorius L. American Journal of Botany, 63, 771-782.
• Ehsanzadeh, P., & Baghdad-Abadi, A. Z. (2003). Yield, yield components and growth characteristics of two safflower genotypes under varying plant densities. Isfahan University of Technology-Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 7(1), 129-140.
• Elfadl, E., Reinbrecht, C., Frick, C., & Claupein, W. (2009). Optimization of nitrogen rate and seed density for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) production under low-input farming conditions in temperate climate. Field Crops Research, 114(1), 2-13.
• Erbaş, S. (2012). Melezleme ıslahı ile tohum verimi, yağ ve olelik asit içeriği yüksek aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) hatlarının geliştirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Isparta, Türkiye.
• Eryiğit, T., Akış, R., & Kaya, A. R. (2015). Screening of different nitrogen rates and intra-row spacing effects on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under microclimate conditions, Iğdır Plain, Turkey. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 95(1), 141-147.
• Eslam, B. P., Monirifar, H., & Ghassemi, M. T. (2010). Evaluation of late season drought effects on seed and oil yields in spring safflower genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 34(5), 373-380.
• Fick, G. N., Caroline, J. J., Auwarter, G. E., & Duhigg, P. M. (1985). Agronomic characteristics and field performance of dwarf sunflower hybrids. 11th International Sunflower Conference, Mar del Plata, Argentina, 739-742.
• Golkar, P., Arzani, A., & Rezaei, A. M. (2011). Determining relationships among seed yield, yield components and morpho-phenological traits using multivariate analyses in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Annals of Biological Research, 2(3), 162-169.
• Gürsoy, M., Başalma, D., & Nofouzı, F. (2018). Farklı sıra arası ve sıra üzeri mesafelerin aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin verim ve verim ögelerine etkileri. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 32(1), 20-28.
• Hamza, M. (2015). Influence of different plant densities on crop yield of six safflower genotypes under Egyptian newly reclaimed soils conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 8(2), 168.
• Heiser, C. B. (1955). The origin and development of the cultivated sunflower. The American Biology Teacher, 17(5), 161-167. Hoag, B. K., Zubriski, J. C., & Geiszler, G. N. (1968). Effect of fertilizer treatment and row spacing on yield, quality and physiological response of safflower. Agronomy Journal, 60(2), 198-200. Jaffar, R. A. A., & Al-Refai, S. I. (2021). Response of safflower to (NPK) fertilizer combinations and plants distribution. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 1-5.
• Johnson, R. C., Bergman, J. W., & Flynn, C. R. (1999). Oil and meal characteristics of core and non-core safflower accessions from the USDA collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 46, 611-618.
• Karve, A. D., Nagvekar, D. V., & Nimbkar, N. B. (1976). Seed-set on self-pollination in safflower. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 36, 108–110.
• Knowles, P. F. (1980). Safflower. Hybridization of Crop Plants (pp. 535-548).
• Knowles, P. F. (1967). Modification of quantity and quality of safflower oil through plant breeding. AOCS Meeting, Chicago.
• Knowles, P. F. (1982). Safflower Genetics and Breeding, in: Improvement of Oilseed and Industrial Crops by Induced Mutations. International Atomic Energy Agency. 91-101.
• Köse, A., & Bilir, Ö. (2017). Aspir bitkisinde (Carthamus tinctorius L.) farklı sıra arası mesafelerin ve ekim normunun taç yaprak verimi ve bazı bitkisel özellikler üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 40-47.
• Ma, D. W., Wierzbicki, A. A., Field, C. J., & Clandinin, M. T. (1999). Preparation of conjugated linoleic acid from safflower oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 76(6), 729-730.
• Mohamadzadeh, M., Siadat, S. A., Norof, M. S., & Naseri, R. (2011). The effects of planting date and row spacing on yield, yield components and associated traits in winter safflower under rain fed conditions. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 10(2), 200-206.
• Nasr, H. G., Katkhuda, N., & Tannir, L. (1978). Effects of N fertilization and population rate‐spacing on safflower yield and other characteristics. Agronomy Journal, 70(4), 683-685. Noroozi, M., & Kazemini, S. A. R. (2013). Effect of water stress and plant density on growth and seed yield of safflower. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(4), 781-788.
• Omidi, A. H., & Sharifmogadasi, M. R. (2010). Evaluation of Iranian safflower cultivars reaction to different sowing dates and plant densities. World Applied Science Journal, 8(8), 953-958.
• Omidi, A. H., Jabbari, H., & Ramezani, Z. (2021). Effects of row-spacing and plant density on seed yield and yield components of safflower cultivars under irrigated conditions. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops, 10(1), 23-32.
• Patel, P. K., Vaishnani, N. L., & Patel, B. R. (1976). Nipping of branches increases yield in castor. Indian farming. 26(3), 35. Polat, T. (2007). Farklı sıra aralıkları ve azot seviyelerinin kuru şartlarda yetiştirilen aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) bitkisinin verim ve verim unsurları üzerine etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Erzurum, Türkiye.
• Ranga Rao, V., Ramachandram, M., & Arunachalam, V. (1977). An analysis of association of components of yield and oil in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 50, 185-191.
• Sampaio, M. C., Santos, R. F., Bassegio, D., de Vasconselos, E. S., da Silveira, L., Lenz, N. B. G., & Tokuro, L. K. (2017). Effect of plant density on oil yield of safflower. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(25), 2147-2152.
• Sharifmoghaddasi, M., & Omidi, A. H. (2009). Determination of optimum row-spacing and plant density in Goldasht safflower variety. Advances in Environmental Biology, 3(3), 233-238.
• Sheelavantar, M. N., Krishnamurthy, K., Nalini, A. S., & Shetty, A. N. (1974). New monocapitulum non-branching safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Science and culture, 40(2): 73-75
• Shinwari, Z. K., Rehman, H., & Rabbani, M. A. (2014). Morphological traits based genetic diversity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46(4), 1389-1395.
• Singh, V., & Nimbkar, N. (2016). Safflower. In Breeding Oilseed Crops For Sustainable Production (pp. 149-167). Academic Press.
• Skoric, D., Jocic, S., Hladni, N., & Vannozzi, G.P. (2007). An analysis of heterotic potential for agronomically ımportant traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia, 30(46), 55-74.
• Smith, J. R. (1996). Safflower. AOCS Publishing, New York.
• Tang, S., Leon, A., Bridges, W. C., & Knapp, S. J. (2006). Quantitative trait loci for genetically correlated seed traits are tightly linked to branching and pericarp pigment loci in sunflower. Crop Science, 46(2), 721-734.
• Urie, A. L. (1986). Inheritance of Partial Hull in Safflower. Crop Science, 26(3), 493-498.
• Urie, A. L., & Zimmer, D. E. (1970). Registration of reduced-hull safflower lines, reduced-hull-1,-2,-3 and-4.(Reg. Nos. GP 6 to GP 9). Crop Science, 10, 732. Uslu, N., Akın, A., & Halitligil, M. B. (1998). Cultivar, weed and row spacing effects on some agronomic characters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in spring planting. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22(6), 533-536.
• Vear, F. (2016). Changes in sunflower breeding over the last fifty years. OCL, 23(2), 202.
• Weiss, E. A. (2000). Safflower. In Oilseed Crops (p. 129). Blackwell Science, London.
• Yau, S. K. (2009). Seed rate effects on rainfed and irrigated safflower yield in Eastern Mediterranean. The Open Agriculture Journal, 3(1), 32-36.
• Zarei, G., Shamsi, H., & Fazeli, F. (2011). Effect of planting density on yield and yield components of safflower cultivars in spring planting. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 5(12), 929-931.