Kültür Bitkilerinde Zararlı Olan Böceklerle Biyoteknolojik Mücadelede Son Yöntemler

Öz

Ekonomik anlamda zarar yapan böceklerle mücadelede, kimyasal mücadele üretici tarafından en fazla tercih edilen yöntemidir. Ancak insektisit uygulamalarının insan, hayvan, çevre sağlığı üzerinde bir çok olumsuz etkilerinin olduğunu ve zararlılarda direnç gelişimine yol açarak gelecek için mücadele gücümüzü zayıflattığını da unutmamak gerekir. Bu nedenle, kültür bitkilerinde zararlı olan böcekler için yeni, çevreye duyarlı ve daha etkili mücadele stratejileri gereklidir. RNA İnterferans (RNAi) teknolojisi ile zararlıda spesifik hedef gen bölgeleri susturularak, başarılı bir şekilde gerek böcek zararının gerekse böcek popülasyonlarının azaltılması hedeflenmektedir. CRISPR/Cas9 sistemi ise; yabancı genetik materyalleri yok etmek için RNA güdümlü nükleazları kullanan bir mikrobiyal immün sistemdir. Gen ekspresyonunu bozan RNAi'nin aksine, CRISPR-Cas9, yalnızca gen ifadesini bozmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda kodlama dizilerini değiştiren, birden fazla geni hedef alabilen ve iş gücünü oldukça azaltan güçlü bir DNA düzenleme teknolojisidir. Epigenetik mekanizmalar sayesinde hedeflenen genlerin ekspresyonları artırılabilir ya da azaltılabilir. Epigenetik etkileşimler, RNAi ve CRISPR teknolojileri kullanılarak böcekler için hayati öneme sahip feromonal veya reseptör genler hedef alınabilir. Böylece zararlı böceklerin eş bulma ve besine ulaşabilme davranışları değiştirilerek üreme ve beslenmeleri engellenip popülasyonları baskılanabilir ya da kontrol altına alınabilir. Ayrıca bağışıklık sisteminde rol alan genler hedef alınarak, zararlı böcekler enfeksiyona karşı duyarlı hale getirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki koruma,Böcekler,RNA interferans,CRISPR-Cas9

Recent Methods For Biotechnologic Control on Pest Insects in Cultural Plants

Abstract

In the struggle against pests that cause economic damage, chemical control is the most preferred method by the producer. However, it should not be forgotten that insecticide applications have many negative effects on human, animal and environmental health and weaken our fighting power for the future by causing resistance development in pests. For this reason, new, environmentally sensitive and more effective strategies are needed to control the insects that are pest to cultivated plants. With RNA Interference (RNAi) technology, the specific gene regions of the pests can be targeted and silenced, so that insect damage or insect populations can be successfully reduced. The CRISPR / Cas9 system is; is a microbial immune system that uses RNA-driven nucleases to destroy foreign genetic material. Unlike RNAi, which disrupts gene expression, CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful DNA regulatory technology that not only disrupts the expression of genes, but also alters coding sequences, can target multiple genes and significantly reduces workload. Expression of genes targeted by the epigenetic mechanisms can be increased or decreased. Using epigenetic interactions, RNAi and CRISPR technologies, pheromonal or receptor genes with vital precursors for insects can be targeted. Thus, by changing the behavior of pest insects to match and reach to nutrients, reproduction and feeding can be prevented and their populations can be suppressed or controlled. In addition, by targeting genes involved in the immune system, pest insects can be susceptible to infection.

Keywords

• Plant protection,Insects,CRISPR-Cas9,Epigenetics,RNA interference

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