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COVİD-19’UN GÜNCEL BELİRTİLERİNİN LİTERATÜR DERLEMESİ

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 603 - 608, 24.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.932255

Abstract

Coronavirüs insanda solunum sistemini hedef alan tek zincirli, zarflı, pozitif polariteli RNA virüsüdür ve betacoronavirüs 2b alt grubunda yer almaktadır. Covid-19, 2019 yılının son döneminde Çin’de ortaya çıkmıştır ve tüm dünyaya yayılarak pandemiye neden olmuştur. Dünya genelinde daha önce pandemiye neden olmuş Sars-CoV virüsüne olan yakın filogenetik benzerliğinden dolayı Sars-CoV-2 de denmektedir. İnkübasyon dönemi ve bulaştırıcılık süresi, asemptomatik hastalar ve bulaştırıcılıkları, aerosol ve damlacık yolu dışındaki bulaş yolları, virüsün dış ortamda ne kadar süre enfektivitesini sürdürdüğü ile ilgili belirsizlikler ve farklı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Covid-19 vaka sayıları arttıkça deride ortaya çıktığı bildirilen lezyonların sayısı ve lezyonlarla ilgili veriler artmaktadır. Kutanöz lezyonların viral enfeksiyonlarda sıklıkla ortaya çıktığı düşünülürse Covid-19 enfeksiyonu sonucunda da ortaya çıkmaları muhtemeldir. Deride görülen bulgular hastalığın tespitinde, ayırıcı tanısında, kontrol altına alınmasında ve bulaşıcılık riskinin azaltılmasında önemli olabilmektedir. Oral mukozada ve periodontal dokularda da Covid-19 enfeksiyonuna ve kullanılan ilaçlara bağlı olarak çeşitli lezyonlar ve bulgular ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Tat alma duyusundaki değişiklikler Covid-19’da ilk ve en sık ortaya çıkan oral bulgudur. Tat alma duyusundaki kaybın sebebi, Covid-19 hücre reseptörü ACE-2’nin tat tomurcuklarının en yoğun olduğu dilde bol miktarda bulunması ile açıklanabilmektedir. Covid-19 hastaların oral mikrobiyotasını incelemek ve tanımlamak, periodontal sağlık için risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi için yararlı olacaktır. Derideki bulgular ekstraoral muayenede, oral dokulardaki bulgular ise intraoral muayenede diş hekimleri için önemli olabilmektedir.

References

  • Referans1: Santacroce L, Charitos IA, Carretta DM, De Nitto E, Lovero R. The human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Mol Med (Berl). 2021;99(1):93-106.
  • Referans2: Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2021 Mar 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 32150360.
  • Referans3: World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (‎‎COVID-19)‎‎ in suspected human cases: interim guidance (Internet). WHO (2 March 2020). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329
  • Referans4: Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105924.
  • Referans5: Morawska L, Milton DK. It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2311-2313.
  • Referans6: McIntosh K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention (Internet). UpToDate (Accessed 10 April 2020) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-epidemiology-virology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-prevention
  • Referans7: Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y. A Familial Cluster of Infection Associated With the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Indicating Possible Person-to-Person Transmission During the Incubation Period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757-1761.
  • Referans8: Akbıyık A, Avşar Ö. Coronavirüs Enfeksiyonu Hastalığının (COVID-19) Epidemiyolojisi ve Kontrolü. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;5(2):109-116.
  • Referans9: Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(5):706-711.
  • Referans10: Metintaş S. COVID-19’un Epidemiyolojisi. Eurasion J Pulmonol. Göğüs Hastalıkları Uzmanlarının Bilmesi Gerekenler başlıklı ek sayısı. 2020;4-15.
  • Referans11: Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. [Internet] 2020;382(18):1708-20. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
  • Referans12: Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577-582.
  • Referans13: Kömürcüoğlu B. COVID-19’un Klinik ve Laboratuvar Bulguları. Eurasion J Pulmonol. Göğüs Hastalıkları Uzmanlarının Bilmesi Gerekenler başlıklı ek sayısı. 2020;28-33.
  • Referans14: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) REHBERİ. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı 12 Nisan 2020, Ankara.
  • Referans15: Öner Ü, Akdeniz N. COVID-19 İle İlişkili Kutanöz Bulgular. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;25:294-299.
  • Referans16: Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases. Transl Res. 2020;220:1-13.
  • Referans17: Goren A, Vaño-Galván S, Wambier CG, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Moreno-Arrones OM, et al. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain - A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(7):1545-1547.
  • Referans18: Sachdeva M, Gianotti R, Shah M, Bradanini L, Tosi D, Veraldi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. J Dermatol Sci. 2020;98(2):75-81.
  • Referans19: Galván Casas C, Català A, Carretero Hernández G, Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Fernández-Nieto D, Rodríguez-Villa Lario A, et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: A rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(1):71-77.
  • Referans20: Türsen Ü, Türsen B, Lotti T. Coronavirus-days in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13438.
  • Referans21: Athwani V, Gothwal S. Dermatological Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children. J Skin and Stem Cell. 2020;7(2):e106890.
  • Referans22: Kurmuş GI, Koç E. COVID-19 Deri Bulguları. YIU Saglik Bil Derg. 2020;1:69-72.
  • Referans23: Elston DM. Occupational skin disease among health care workers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1085-1086.
  • Referans24: Riad A, Kassem I, Issa J, Badrah M, Klugar M. Angular cheilitis of COVID-19 patients: A case-series and literature review. Oral Dis. 2020 Oct 11:10.1111/odi.13675. doi: 10.1111/odi.13675.
  • Referans25: Baghizadeh Fini M. Oral saliva and COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020;108:104821.
  • Referans26: Saniasiaya J. Xerostomia and COVID-19: Unleashing Pandora’s Box. Ear, Nose & Throat J. 2021;100(2):139.
  • Referans27: Katz J. Prevalence of dry mouth in COVID-19 patients with and without Sicca syndrome in a large hospital center. Ir J Med Sci. 2021;12:1-3.
  • Referans28: Belchior Fontenele MN, Pedrosa M da S. Xerostomia and Taste Alterations in COVID-19. Ear, Nose & Throat J. 2021;100(2):186-187.
  • Referans29: DeStefano AW. The pandemic has made dry mouth products more important (Internet). RDH (Sep 2020). https://www.rdhmag.com/patient-care/xerostomia/article/14184446/dry-mouth-and-the-covid19-pandemic
  • Referans30: Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2020;e14578.
  • Referans31: Odeh ND, Babkair H, Abu-Hammad S, Borzangy S, Abu-Hammad A, Abu-Hammad O. COVID-19: Present and Future Challenges for Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3151.
  • Referans32: Hathway RW. COVID tongue. Br Dent J. 2021;230(3):114.
  • Referans33: Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2021;27(3):768-769.
  • Referans34: Botros N, Iyer P, Ojcius DM. Is there an association between oral health and severity of COVID-19 complications? Biomed J. 2020;43(4):325-327.
  • Referans35: Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109908.
  • Referans36: Larvin H, Wilmott S, Wu J, Kang J. The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Hospital Admission and Mortality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:604980.
  • Referans37: Vieira AR. Oral manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral Dis. 2021;27(3):770.
  • Referans38: Kara C, Çelen K, Dede FÖ, Gökmenoğlu C, Kara NB. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for developing severe Covid-19 infection? The potential role of Galectin-3. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(16):1425-1427.
  • Referans39: Caniglia JL, Asuthkar S, Tsung AJ, Guda MR, Velpula KK. Immunopathology of galectin-3: an increasingly promising target in COVID-19. F1000Res. 2020;9:1078. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.25979.2.
  • Referans40: Madapusi Balaji T, Varadarajan S, Rao USV, Raj AT, Patil S, Arakeri G, et al. Oral cancer and periodontal disease increase the risk of COVID 19? A mechanism mediated through furin and cathepsin overexpression. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109936.
  • Referans41: Bozoğlan A, Yılmaz Bozoğlan M. Periodontal hastalık, SARS-CoV-2 ve ilaçlar. Emingil G, editör. Diş Hastalıkları ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2020;75-82.
  • Referans42: Díaz Rodríguez M, Jimenez Romera A, Villarroel M. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2020;00:1-3. doi: 10.1111/odi.13555.
  • Referans43: Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, González-Rascón A, Serafín-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109969.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 603 - 608, 24.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.932255

Abstract

References

  • Referans1: Santacroce L, Charitos IA, Carretta DM, De Nitto E, Lovero R. The human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Mol Med (Berl). 2021;99(1):93-106.
  • Referans2: Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2021 Mar 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 32150360.
  • Referans3: World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (‎‎COVID-19)‎‎ in suspected human cases: interim guidance (Internet). WHO (2 March 2020). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329
  • Referans4: Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105924.
  • Referans5: Morawska L, Milton DK. It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2311-2313.
  • Referans6: McIntosh K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention (Internet). UpToDate (Accessed 10 April 2020) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-epidemiology-virology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-prevention
  • Referans7: Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y. A Familial Cluster of Infection Associated With the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Indicating Possible Person-to-Person Transmission During the Incubation Period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757-1761.
  • Referans8: Akbıyık A, Avşar Ö. Coronavirüs Enfeksiyonu Hastalığının (COVID-19) Epidemiyolojisi ve Kontrolü. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;5(2):109-116.
  • Referans9: Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(5):706-711.
  • Referans10: Metintaş S. COVID-19’un Epidemiyolojisi. Eurasion J Pulmonol. Göğüs Hastalıkları Uzmanlarının Bilmesi Gerekenler başlıklı ek sayısı. 2020;4-15.
  • Referans11: Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. [Internet] 2020;382(18):1708-20. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
  • Referans12: Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577-582.
  • Referans13: Kömürcüoğlu B. COVID-19’un Klinik ve Laboratuvar Bulguları. Eurasion J Pulmonol. Göğüs Hastalıkları Uzmanlarının Bilmesi Gerekenler başlıklı ek sayısı. 2020;28-33.
  • Referans14: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) REHBERİ. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı 12 Nisan 2020, Ankara.
  • Referans15: Öner Ü, Akdeniz N. COVID-19 İle İlişkili Kutanöz Bulgular. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;25:294-299.
  • Referans16: Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases. Transl Res. 2020;220:1-13.
  • Referans17: Goren A, Vaño-Galván S, Wambier CG, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Moreno-Arrones OM, et al. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain - A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(7):1545-1547.
  • Referans18: Sachdeva M, Gianotti R, Shah M, Bradanini L, Tosi D, Veraldi S, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. J Dermatol Sci. 2020;98(2):75-81.
  • Referans19: Galván Casas C, Català A, Carretero Hernández G, Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Fernández-Nieto D, Rodríguez-Villa Lario A, et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: A rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(1):71-77.
  • Referans20: Türsen Ü, Türsen B, Lotti T. Coronavirus-days in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13438.
  • Referans21: Athwani V, Gothwal S. Dermatological Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children. J Skin and Stem Cell. 2020;7(2):e106890.
  • Referans22: Kurmuş GI, Koç E. COVID-19 Deri Bulguları. YIU Saglik Bil Derg. 2020;1:69-72.
  • Referans23: Elston DM. Occupational skin disease among health care workers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1085-1086.
  • Referans24: Riad A, Kassem I, Issa J, Badrah M, Klugar M. Angular cheilitis of COVID-19 patients: A case-series and literature review. Oral Dis. 2020 Oct 11:10.1111/odi.13675. doi: 10.1111/odi.13675.
  • Referans25: Baghizadeh Fini M. Oral saliva and COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020;108:104821.
  • Referans26: Saniasiaya J. Xerostomia and COVID-19: Unleashing Pandora’s Box. Ear, Nose & Throat J. 2021;100(2):139.
  • Referans27: Katz J. Prevalence of dry mouth in COVID-19 patients with and without Sicca syndrome in a large hospital center. Ir J Med Sci. 2021;12:1-3.
  • Referans28: Belchior Fontenele MN, Pedrosa M da S. Xerostomia and Taste Alterations in COVID-19. Ear, Nose & Throat J. 2021;100(2):186-187.
  • Referans29: DeStefano AW. The pandemic has made dry mouth products more important (Internet). RDH (Sep 2020). https://www.rdhmag.com/patient-care/xerostomia/article/14184446/dry-mouth-and-the-covid19-pandemic
  • Referans30: Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2020;e14578.
  • Referans31: Odeh ND, Babkair H, Abu-Hammad S, Borzangy S, Abu-Hammad A, Abu-Hammad O. COVID-19: Present and Future Challenges for Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3151.
  • Referans32: Hathway RW. COVID tongue. Br Dent J. 2021;230(3):114.
  • Referans33: Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2021;27(3):768-769.
  • Referans34: Botros N, Iyer P, Ojcius DM. Is there an association between oral health and severity of COVID-19 complications? Biomed J. 2020;43(4):325-327.
  • Referans35: Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109908.
  • Referans36: Larvin H, Wilmott S, Wu J, Kang J. The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Hospital Admission and Mortality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:604980.
  • Referans37: Vieira AR. Oral manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral Dis. 2021;27(3):770.
  • Referans38: Kara C, Çelen K, Dede FÖ, Gökmenoğlu C, Kara NB. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for developing severe Covid-19 infection? The potential role of Galectin-3. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(16):1425-1427.
  • Referans39: Caniglia JL, Asuthkar S, Tsung AJ, Guda MR, Velpula KK. Immunopathology of galectin-3: an increasingly promising target in COVID-19. F1000Res. 2020;9:1078. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.25979.2.
  • Referans40: Madapusi Balaji T, Varadarajan S, Rao USV, Raj AT, Patil S, Arakeri G, et al. Oral cancer and periodontal disease increase the risk of COVID 19? A mechanism mediated through furin and cathepsin overexpression. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109936.
  • Referans41: Bozoğlan A, Yılmaz Bozoğlan M. Periodontal hastalık, SARS-CoV-2 ve ilaçlar. Emingil G, editör. Diş Hastalıkları ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2020;75-82.
  • Referans42: Díaz Rodríguez M, Jimenez Romera A, Villarroel M. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2020;00:1-3. doi: 10.1111/odi.13555.
  • Referans43: Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, González-Rascón A, Serafín-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109969.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Dentistry
Journal Section Review
Authors

Büşra Karaduran 0000-0003-1499-8599

Mine Koruyucu 0000-0002-2077-5095

Publication Date August 24, 2022
Submission Date May 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Karaduran B, Koruyucu M. COVİD-19’UN GÜNCEL BELİRTİLERİNİN LİTERATÜR DERLEMESİ. Selcuk Dent J. 2022;9(2):603-8.