Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Gummy Smile Etiyoloji ve Tedavi Seçenekleri

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 166 - 171, 21.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1470181

Abstract

Güzel gülümseme çekicilik ve sempati ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Diş hekimliğinde estetik beklentiler, sağlıklı ve fonksiyonel bir dentisyonun sağlanması kadar önemli bir konuma gelmiştir. Gülme analizi yapılırken gülmenin diğer bileşenleriyle beraber üst dudağın konumu ve diş eti görünürlüğü de değerlendirilmelidir. Artmış diş eti görünürlüğü (gummy smile) gülme estetiğini olumsuz etkileyen durumlardan biridir. Bu derlemenin amacı gummy smile etiyolojisini ve tedavi yöntemlerini mevcut literatür bilgileriyle değerlendirmektir.
Anahtar kelimeler: gummy smile, artmış diş eti görünürlüğü, güme analizi

References

  • 1. Türkkahraman H, Gökalp H. Facial profile preferences among various layers of Turkish population. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(5):640-647.
  • 2. Thompson LA, Malmberg J, Goodell NK, Boring RL. The distribution of attention across a talker’s face. Discourse Process. 2004;38(1):145-168.
  • 3. Newton JT, Prabhu N, Robinson PG. The impact of dental appearance on the appraisal of personal characteristics. Int J Prosthodont. 2003;16(4):429-434.
  • 4. Machado AW. 10 commandments of smile esthetics. Dent Press J Orthod. 2014;19:136-157.
  • 5. Papio MA, Fields Jr HW, Beck FM, Firestone AR, Rosenstiel SF. The effect of dental and background facial attractiveness on facial attractiveness and perceived integrity and social and intellectual qualities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(4):464-474.
  • 6. Gallego FA, Philippi CL, Repetto A. What’s Behind Her Smile? Health, Looks, and Self-Esteem. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2024;16(2):359-388.
  • 7. Snow SR. Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage. J Esthet Restor Dent. 1999;11(4):177-184.
  • 8. Frank MG, Ekman P, Friesen WV. Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;64(1):83.
  • 9. Ackerman J, Ackerman M, Brensinger C, Landis J. A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998;1(1):2-11.
  • 10. Rubin LR, Mishriki Y, Lee G. Anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83(1):1-8.
  • 11. Rubin LR, Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974;53(4):384-387.
  • 12. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis JR. An evaluation of dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):43-50.
  • 13. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(1):4-12.
  • 14. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(2):116-127.
  • 15. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(2):98-111.
  • 16. van der Geld PA, Oosterveld P, van Waas MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Digital videographic measurement of tooth display and lip position in smiling and speech: reliability and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131(3):301-308.
  • 17. Silberberg N, Goldstein M, Smidt A. Excessive gingival display--etiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Quintessence Int. 2009;40(10):809-818.
  • 18. Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36(4):221-236.
  • 19. Wei J, Herrler T, Xu H, Li Q, Dai C. Treatment of gummy smile: Nasal septum dysplasia as etiologic factor and therapeutic target. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68(10):1338-1343.
  • 20. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1):39-45.
  • 21. Gill DS, Naini FB, Tredwin CJ. Smile aesthetics. Dent Update. 2007;34(3):152-158.
  • 22. Peck S, Peck L. Selected aspects of the art and science of facial esthetics. In: Vol 1. Elsevier; 1995:105-126.
  • 23. Tjan A, Miller GD. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51(1):24-28.
  • 24. Venugopal A, Manzano P, Ahmed F, Vaid NR, Bowman SJ. Gummy smiles: Etiologies, diagnoses & formulating a clinically effective treatment protocol. Semin Orthod. 2024;19(34):1-21. doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2023.11.014
  • 25. Geron S, Atalia W. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(5):778-784.
  • 26. Andijani RI, Tatakis DN. Hypermobile upper lip is highly prevalent among patients seeking treatment for gummy smile. J Periodontol. 2019;90(3):256-262. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0468
  • 27. Zawawi KH, Malki GA, Al-Zahrani MS, Alkhiary YM. Effect of lip position and gingival display on smile and esthetics as perceived by college students with different educational backgrounds. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2013;5:77-80.
  • 28. Yuen JJX, Saw ZK, Ashari A, et al. Aesthetic perception of gingival display on smiling among laypeople seeking dental treatment. Australas Orthod J. 2023;39(2):136-144.
  • 29. Van der Geld P, Oosterveld P, Van Heck G, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(5):759-765.
  • 30. Wu H, Lin J, Zhou L, Bai D. Classification and craniofacial features of gummy smile in adolescents. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(5):1474-1479.
  • 31. Robbins JW. Differential diagnosis and treatment of excess gingival display. Pract Periodontics Aesthetic Dent PPAD. 1999;11(2):265-272.
  • 32. Reyneke JP, Ferretti C. Clinical assessment of the face. In: Vol 18. ; 2012:172-186.
  • 33. Sharma PK, Sharma P. Dental smile esthetics: the assessment and creation of the ideal smile. In: Vol 18. Elsevier; 2012:193-201.
  • 34. Gillen RJ, Schwartz RS, Hilton TJ, Evans DB. An analysis of selected normative tooth proportions. Int J Prosthodont. 1994;7(5):410-417.
  • 35. Monaco A, Streni O, Chiara Marci M, Marzo G, Gatto R, Giannoni M. Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2005;29(1):19-25.
  • 36. Garber DA, Salama MA. The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;11(1):18-28.
  • 37. Ser Yun J, Luo M, Yin Y, Zhi Hui V, Fang B, Han X. Etiology-based treatment strategy for excessive gingival display: literature review. World J Surg Surg Res. 2019;2:1-5.
  • 38. Espín CV, Buendía M del CL. Interdisciplinary treatment of patient with gummy smile. Case report. Rev Odontológica Mex. 2013;17(1):51-56.
  • 39. Alpiste Illueca FM. Altered passive eruption (APE): A little-known clinical situation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2011;16(1):100-104.
  • 40. Jorgensen MG, Nowzari H. Aesthetic crown lengthening. Periodontol 2000. 2001;27(1):45-58.
  • 41. Mele M, Felice P, Sharma P, Mazzotti C, Bellone P, Zucchelli G. Esthetic treatment of altered passive eruption. Periodontol 2000. 2018;77(1):65-83.
  • 42. Ragghianti Zangrando MS, Veronesi GF, Cardoso MV, et al. Altered Active and Passive Eruption: A Modified Classification. Clin Adv Periodontics. 2017;7(1):51-56. doi:10.1902/cap.2016.160025
  • 43. Simon Z, Rosenblatt A, Dorfman W. Eliminating a gummy smile with surgical lip repositioning. J Cosmet Dent. 2007;23(1):100-108.
  • 44. Rosenblatt A, Simon Z. Lip repositioning for reduction of excessive gingival display: a clinical report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006;26(5):433-437.
  • 45. Alammar A, Heshmeh O, Mounajjed R, Goodson M, Hamadah O. A comparison between modified and conventional surgical techniques for surgical lip repositioning in the management of the gummy smile. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018;30(6):523-531. doi:10.1111/jerd.12433
  • 46. Ardakani MT, Moscowchi A, Valian NK, Zakerzadeh E. Lip repositioning with or without myotomy: a systematic review. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;47(1):3.
  • 47. dos Santos-Pereira SA, Cicareli ÁJ, Idalgo FA, et al. Effectiveness of lip repositioning surgeries in the treatment of excessive gingival display: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2021;33(3):446-457. doi:10.1111/jerd.12695
  • 48. Ishida LH, Ishida LC, Ishida J, Grynglas J, Alonso N, Ferreira MC. Myotomy of the levator labii superioris muscle and lip repositioning: a combined approach for the correction of gummy smile. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(3):1014-1019.
  • 49. Polo M. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the neuromuscular correction of excessive gingival display on smiling (gummy smile). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(2):195-203.
  • 50. Hwang WS, Hur MS, Hu KS, et al. Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(1):70-77.
  • 51. Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Gummy smile and botulinum toxin: a new approach based on the gingival exposure area. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(6):1042-1051.
  • 52. Sharif H, Aghayan S. New Approaches for Gummy Smile Treatment: A Review. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci. 2023;8(2):154-161.
  • 53. Diaspro A, Cavallini M, Piersini P, Sito G. Gummy smile treatment: proposal for a novel corrective technique and a review of the literature. Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38(12):1330-1338.
  • 54. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics-e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
  • 55. Kim SJ, Kim JW, Choi TH, Lee KJ. Combined use of miniscrews and continuous arch for intrusive root movement of incisors in Class II division 2 with gummy smile. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(5):910-918.
  • 56. Paredes-Gallardo V, Bellot-Arcís C, García-Sanz V. Miniscrew mechanics for molar distalization and incisor intrusion in a patient with a Class II brachyfacial pattern and gummy smile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;158(2):273-285.
  • 57. Polat-Ozsoy O, Arman-Ozcirpici A, Veziroglu F. Miniscrews for upper incisor intrusion. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(4):412-416.
  • 58. Tomaz AFG, Marinho LCN, de Aquino Martins ARL, Lins RDAU, de Vasconcelos Gurgel BC. Impact of orthognathic surgery on the treatment of gummy smile: an integrative review. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;24:283-288.
  • 59. Ishida Y, Ono T. Nonsurgical treatment of an adult with a skeletal Class II gummy smile using zygomatic temporary anchorage devices and improved superelastic nickel-titanium alloy wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152(5):693-705. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.09.030
  • 60. Lin J, Liou E, Bowman SJ. Simultaneous reduction in vertical dimension and gummy smile using miniscrew anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2010;44(3):157-170.
  • 61. Paik CH, Park HS, Ahn HW. Treatment of vertical maxillary excess without open bite in a skeletal Class II hyperdivergent patient. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(4):625-633.

Gummy Smile Etiology and Treatment Options

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 166 - 171, 21.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1470181

Abstract

A beautiful smile is associated with charm and sympathy. Esthetic expectations have become as important as ensuring a healthy, functional dentition in dentistry. When performing a smile analysis, the position of the upper lip and gingival displacement should be evaluated along with other components of the smile. Excessive gingival display (gummy smile) is one of the conditions that affect the esthetics of the smile negatively. This review aims to evaluate the etiology and treatment options of gummy smile with existing literature information.

References

  • 1. Türkkahraman H, Gökalp H. Facial profile preferences among various layers of Turkish population. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(5):640-647.
  • 2. Thompson LA, Malmberg J, Goodell NK, Boring RL. The distribution of attention across a talker’s face. Discourse Process. 2004;38(1):145-168.
  • 3. Newton JT, Prabhu N, Robinson PG. The impact of dental appearance on the appraisal of personal characteristics. Int J Prosthodont. 2003;16(4):429-434.
  • 4. Machado AW. 10 commandments of smile esthetics. Dent Press J Orthod. 2014;19:136-157.
  • 5. Papio MA, Fields Jr HW, Beck FM, Firestone AR, Rosenstiel SF. The effect of dental and background facial attractiveness on facial attractiveness and perceived integrity and social and intellectual qualities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(4):464-474.
  • 6. Gallego FA, Philippi CL, Repetto A. What’s Behind Her Smile? Health, Looks, and Self-Esteem. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2024;16(2):359-388.
  • 7. Snow SR. Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage. J Esthet Restor Dent. 1999;11(4):177-184.
  • 8. Frank MG, Ekman P, Friesen WV. Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;64(1):83.
  • 9. Ackerman J, Ackerman M, Brensinger C, Landis J. A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998;1(1):2-11.
  • 10. Rubin LR, Mishriki Y, Lee G. Anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83(1):1-8.
  • 11. Rubin LR, Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974;53(4):384-387.
  • 12. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis JR. An evaluation of dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):43-50.
  • 13. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(1):4-12.
  • 14. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(2):116-127.
  • 15. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(2):98-111.
  • 16. van der Geld PA, Oosterveld P, van Waas MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Digital videographic measurement of tooth display and lip position in smiling and speech: reliability and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131(3):301-308.
  • 17. Silberberg N, Goldstein M, Smidt A. Excessive gingival display--etiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. Quintessence Int. 2009;40(10):809-818.
  • 18. Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36(4):221-236.
  • 19. Wei J, Herrler T, Xu H, Li Q, Dai C. Treatment of gummy smile: Nasal septum dysplasia as etiologic factor and therapeutic target. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68(10):1338-1343.
  • 20. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1):39-45.
  • 21. Gill DS, Naini FB, Tredwin CJ. Smile aesthetics. Dent Update. 2007;34(3):152-158.
  • 22. Peck S, Peck L. Selected aspects of the art and science of facial esthetics. In: Vol 1. Elsevier; 1995:105-126.
  • 23. Tjan A, Miller GD. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51(1):24-28.
  • 24. Venugopal A, Manzano P, Ahmed F, Vaid NR, Bowman SJ. Gummy smiles: Etiologies, diagnoses & formulating a clinically effective treatment protocol. Semin Orthod. 2024;19(34):1-21. doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2023.11.014
  • 25. Geron S, Atalia W. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(5):778-784.
  • 26. Andijani RI, Tatakis DN. Hypermobile upper lip is highly prevalent among patients seeking treatment for gummy smile. J Periodontol. 2019;90(3):256-262. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0468
  • 27. Zawawi KH, Malki GA, Al-Zahrani MS, Alkhiary YM. Effect of lip position and gingival display on smile and esthetics as perceived by college students with different educational backgrounds. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2013;5:77-80.
  • 28. Yuen JJX, Saw ZK, Ashari A, et al. Aesthetic perception of gingival display on smiling among laypeople seeking dental treatment. Australas Orthod J. 2023;39(2):136-144.
  • 29. Van der Geld P, Oosterveld P, Van Heck G, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(5):759-765.
  • 30. Wu H, Lin J, Zhou L, Bai D. Classification and craniofacial features of gummy smile in adolescents. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(5):1474-1479.
  • 31. Robbins JW. Differential diagnosis and treatment of excess gingival display. Pract Periodontics Aesthetic Dent PPAD. 1999;11(2):265-272.
  • 32. Reyneke JP, Ferretti C. Clinical assessment of the face. In: Vol 18. ; 2012:172-186.
  • 33. Sharma PK, Sharma P. Dental smile esthetics: the assessment and creation of the ideal smile. In: Vol 18. Elsevier; 2012:193-201.
  • 34. Gillen RJ, Schwartz RS, Hilton TJ, Evans DB. An analysis of selected normative tooth proportions. Int J Prosthodont. 1994;7(5):410-417.
  • 35. Monaco A, Streni O, Chiara Marci M, Marzo G, Gatto R, Giannoni M. Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2005;29(1):19-25.
  • 36. Garber DA, Salama MA. The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;11(1):18-28.
  • 37. Ser Yun J, Luo M, Yin Y, Zhi Hui V, Fang B, Han X. Etiology-based treatment strategy for excessive gingival display: literature review. World J Surg Surg Res. 2019;2:1-5.
  • 38. Espín CV, Buendía M del CL. Interdisciplinary treatment of patient with gummy smile. Case report. Rev Odontológica Mex. 2013;17(1):51-56.
  • 39. Alpiste Illueca FM. Altered passive eruption (APE): A little-known clinical situation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2011;16(1):100-104.
  • 40. Jorgensen MG, Nowzari H. Aesthetic crown lengthening. Periodontol 2000. 2001;27(1):45-58.
  • 41. Mele M, Felice P, Sharma P, Mazzotti C, Bellone P, Zucchelli G. Esthetic treatment of altered passive eruption. Periodontol 2000. 2018;77(1):65-83.
  • 42. Ragghianti Zangrando MS, Veronesi GF, Cardoso MV, et al. Altered Active and Passive Eruption: A Modified Classification. Clin Adv Periodontics. 2017;7(1):51-56. doi:10.1902/cap.2016.160025
  • 43. Simon Z, Rosenblatt A, Dorfman W. Eliminating a gummy smile with surgical lip repositioning. J Cosmet Dent. 2007;23(1):100-108.
  • 44. Rosenblatt A, Simon Z. Lip repositioning for reduction of excessive gingival display: a clinical report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006;26(5):433-437.
  • 45. Alammar A, Heshmeh O, Mounajjed R, Goodson M, Hamadah O. A comparison between modified and conventional surgical techniques for surgical lip repositioning in the management of the gummy smile. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018;30(6):523-531. doi:10.1111/jerd.12433
  • 46. Ardakani MT, Moscowchi A, Valian NK, Zakerzadeh E. Lip repositioning with or without myotomy: a systematic review. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;47(1):3.
  • 47. dos Santos-Pereira SA, Cicareli ÁJ, Idalgo FA, et al. Effectiveness of lip repositioning surgeries in the treatment of excessive gingival display: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2021;33(3):446-457. doi:10.1111/jerd.12695
  • 48. Ishida LH, Ishida LC, Ishida J, Grynglas J, Alonso N, Ferreira MC. Myotomy of the levator labii superioris muscle and lip repositioning: a combined approach for the correction of gummy smile. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(3):1014-1019.
  • 49. Polo M. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the neuromuscular correction of excessive gingival display on smiling (gummy smile). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(2):195-203.
  • 50. Hwang WS, Hur MS, Hu KS, et al. Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(1):70-77.
  • 51. Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Gummy smile and botulinum toxin: a new approach based on the gingival exposure area. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(6):1042-1051.
  • 52. Sharif H, Aghayan S. New Approaches for Gummy Smile Treatment: A Review. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci. 2023;8(2):154-161.
  • 53. Diaspro A, Cavallini M, Piersini P, Sito G. Gummy smile treatment: proposal for a novel corrective technique and a review of the literature. Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38(12):1330-1338.
  • 54. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics-e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
  • 55. Kim SJ, Kim JW, Choi TH, Lee KJ. Combined use of miniscrews and continuous arch for intrusive root movement of incisors in Class II division 2 with gummy smile. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(5):910-918.
  • 56. Paredes-Gallardo V, Bellot-Arcís C, García-Sanz V. Miniscrew mechanics for molar distalization and incisor intrusion in a patient with a Class II brachyfacial pattern and gummy smile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;158(2):273-285.
  • 57. Polat-Ozsoy O, Arman-Ozcirpici A, Veziroglu F. Miniscrews for upper incisor intrusion. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(4):412-416.
  • 58. Tomaz AFG, Marinho LCN, de Aquino Martins ARL, Lins RDAU, de Vasconcelos Gurgel BC. Impact of orthognathic surgery on the treatment of gummy smile: an integrative review. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;24:283-288.
  • 59. Ishida Y, Ono T. Nonsurgical treatment of an adult with a skeletal Class II gummy smile using zygomatic temporary anchorage devices and improved superelastic nickel-titanium alloy wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152(5):693-705. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.09.030
  • 60. Lin J, Liou E, Bowman SJ. Simultaneous reduction in vertical dimension and gummy smile using miniscrew anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2010;44(3):157-170.
  • 61. Paik CH, Park HS, Ahn HW. Treatment of vertical maxillary excess without open bite in a skeletal Class II hyperdivergent patient. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(4):625-633.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Journal Section Review
Authors

Esma Kezban 0009-0008-8054-023X

Publication Date April 21, 2025
Submission Date May 2, 2024
Acceptance Date September 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Kezban E. Gummy Smile Etiology and Treatment Options. Selcuk Dent J. 2025;12(1):166-71.