Kırsal Alanda Süt Sığırı Barınaklarının Teknik ve Yapısal Yeterliliği: Konya-Kadınhanı İncelemesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Konya ili Kadınhanı ilçesinde süt sığırcılığı yapan 20 işletmede mevcut barınakların yapısal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm barınaklar bağlı duraklı tipte olup; plan, kesit, malzeme özellikleri, havalandırma ve aydınlatma koşulları yerinde incelenmiş, yapı elemanlarının ısı iletim katsayıları hesaplanarak yalıtım düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, hayvan başına düşen ortalama barınak alanı 8 m² olarak tespit edilmiştir. Barınakların tamamında ısı yalıtımının yetersiz düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiş ve ortalama ısı geçirme katsayısı 2,54 kcal/m²°Ch olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aydınlatma oranı %5 sınır değerinin altında kalırken, havalandırma sistemlerinin çoğu baca ve mahya açıklığı ile sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, pencere yüzey alanlarının yetersizliği doğal aydınlatmayı kısıtlamaktadır. İşletmelerin çoğunun yem ihtiyacını kendi üretimiyle karşıladığı, veteriner hizmetlerinin ise dışarıdan sağlandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, barınaklardaki yapısal yetersizliklerin hayvan refahı, üretim verimi ve hijyen koşulları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu belirlenmiş ve mevcut durumun iyileştirilmesi için çeşitli yapısal ve yönetsel önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak kırsal alandaki hayvancılık işletmelerinin sürdürülebilirliği açısından planlı ve mühendislik destekli planlama, yapısal iyileşme ve düzenlemelerinin gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

• bağlı duraklı süt sığırı ahırları
• konstrüksiyon malzemeleri
• ısı geçirme katsayısı
• termal performans aydınlatma
• havalandırma

Technical and Structural Adequacy of Dairy Cattle Housing in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Kadınhanı District, Konya Province, Turkey

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the structural characteristics of dairy cattle barns on 20 farms engaged in dairy farming in the Kadınhanı district of Konya Province, Turkey. All barns were of the tie-stall , and their layout, cross-sections, construction materials, ventilation, and lighting conditions were examined on-site. The thermal transmittance coefficients of the structural elements were calculated to evaluate insulation levels. According to the findings, the average barn area per animal was determined to be 8 m². All barns were found to have insufficient thermal insulation, with an average transmittance coefficient of approximately 2,95 W/m2K. In the surveyed farms, it was determined that there were no designated compartments for sick animals or calves, which are critically important for animal health and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the manure storage facilities were found to be inadequate the lighting ratio remained below the recommended 5% threshold, and ventilation was mostly provided through chimneys and ridge openings. Additionally, inadequate window surface area limited the efficiency of natural lighting. It was observed that most farms met their feed requirements through self-production, while veterinary services were generally outsourced. The study revealed that structural deficiencies in the barns, such as inadequate ventilation, low lighting ratios, substandard thermal insulation, the absence of compartments for sick animals and calves, insufficient manure storage facilities, and window surface areas inadequate to provide natural lighting, had negative impacts on animal welfare, production efficiency, hygiene conditions, and environmental sustainability. Accordingly, several structural and managerial recommendations were proposed to improve the current situation. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the necessity of planned and engineering-supported design, structural improvements, and facility regulations to ensure the sustainability of livestock operations in rural areas.

Keywords

• tie-stall dairy cattle housing
• animal welfare
• building materials
• thermal insulation
• ventilation and lighting

References

1. Ahmad, S. F., & Gaur, G. K. (2024). Engineering applications in livestock. In Tarafdar A, Pandey A, Gaur GK, Singh M, Pandey HO (Eds) Chapter 1: Introduction to engineering applications in livestock production. Academic Press, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2021-0-01048-8
2. Akman, N. (1998). Practical Cattle Breeding. Publication of the Turkish Agricultural Engineers Association Foundation, Ankara.
3. Albright, L. D. (1990). Environment control for animals and plants (p. 453). Cornell University. ISBN: 978-0-929355-08-5.
4. Alpan, O., & Aksoy, A. R. (2015). Cattle Breeding and Fattening (7th ed.). Favori Publishing, Istanbul.
5. Anonymous, (2023). Data of the Republic of Türkiye, Kadınhanı District Governorship. http://www.kadinhani.gov.tr/ilcemiz (access date: 05.10.2024).
6. Armstrong, D. V. (1994). Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77: 2044-2050. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77149-6
7. Bakır, G., & Ferhat, H. (2014). Factors affecting the structural characteristics of dairy cattle enterprises in Yalova Province: Feeding and nutrition habits. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(1): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.09721
8. Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Mamen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfenson, D., Arieli, A., & Graber, Y. (1985). Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for highyielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. J. Dairy Sci. 68: 1488–1495. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80987-5

9. Bhatia, A. (2014). Heat loss calculations and principles. Continuing Education and Development, Course No: M05-003. https://kh.aquaenergyexpo.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Heat-Loss-Calculations-and-Principles.pdf
10. Carvill, J. (1993). Thermodynamics and heat transfer. In Mechanical engineer’s data handbook, pp. 102–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-051135-1.50008-X
11. Cook, N. B. (2019). Designing facilities for the adult dairy cow during the nonlactation and early lactation period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(1): 125–138.
12. Demir, Y. (1990). A research on the structural features of beef cattle farms in the central black sea region and development of climate-appropriate barn plans. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University, Turkey.
13. Ekmekyapar, T. (1991). Regulation of environmental conditions in animal shelters. Publication No:306. Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Erzurum.
14. FAOSTAT. (2024). Crops and livestock products. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (access date: 15.06.2025).
15. House, H. K., & Eng, P. (2016). Dairy housing-ventilation options for free stall barns. Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/omafra-ventilation-options-free-stall-barns-15-017-en-aoda-2020-04-27.pdf
16. Kendirli, B. (2016). Environmental control in agricultural structures [Lecture notes]. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation. p.89.
17. Kic, P. (2017). Effect of construction shape and materials on indoor microclimatic conditions inside the cowsheds in dairy farms. Agronomy Research 15: 426-434. https://agronomy.emu.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Vol15nr2_Kic.pdf
18. Miteva, C. (2012). Hygienic aspects of production in dairy cows in freestall barns. Trakia University Publishing House, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
19. Olgun, M. (2011). Agricultural structures. Publication No:244, Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Publications.
20. Phillips, C. (2008). Cattle behaviour and welfare. John Wiley & Sons. p.274.
21. Singh, V. K., Pandey, H. O., Biswal, P., & Nayak, D. N. (2024). Engineering Applications in Livestock. In Tarafdar A, Pandey A, Gaur GK, Singh M, Pandey HO (Eds) Chapter 2: Basic considerations for engineered livestock housing. Academic Press, pp. 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98385-3.00015-3
22. Şahin, O., Kaygısız, A., & Yılmaz, İ. (2022). Breed preferences and their reasons among cattle breeders in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 8(1): 151–165. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1052823
23. TUIK. (2024). Livestock statistics. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=101&locale=tr (access date: 15.06.2025).
24. Uğurlu, N. (2021). Planning of Animal Shelters [Lecture notes]. Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Konya.
25. Wilson, A. M., Wright, T. C., Cant, J. P., & Osborne, V. R. (2022). Preferences of dairy cattle for supplemental light-emitting diode lighting in the resting area. Animals, 12 (15): 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151894