Research Article
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Sırtta Taşınan Pülverizatörler için Yerli Üretim Memelerin Damla Boyutu Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2026, Volume: 40 Issue: 1 , 181 - 189 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804
https://izlik.org/JA67PJ97ZL

Abstract

Püskürtme memelerinde damla oluşumu öncelikle meme tasarımına bağlıdır. Damla boyutu ise farklı zararlı türleri için gerekli olan değişken optimum aralıklar nedeniyle bitki korumada kritik öneme sahiptir. Uygulamada, yerli üretim pirinç memeler özellikle düşük maliyetleri sebebiyle bahçe ve sırt pülverizatörlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu memelerin büyük bölümü herhangi bir araştırma-geliştirme sürecinden geçirilmeden üretilmekte ve zararlı mücadelesinde etkili damla boyutları oluşturma yetenekleri bilimsel olarak doğrulanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iç piyasada yaygın şekilde satılan ancak literatürde orifis çapı dışında teknik verisi bulunmayan farklı tasarımlara sahip pirinç boş koni memelerin püskürtme özelliklerini değerlendirmektir. Denemelerde dört meme test edilmiştir: ikisinin orifis çapı 1,5 mm, diğer ikisinin 1,2 mm’dir. Her bir meme 300, 400 ve 500 kPa basınçlarda, üç tekerrürlü ve 60 saniyelik püskürtme süresiyle çalıştırılmıştır. Damla boyutu dağılımları lazer kırınım analizörü kullanılarak ölçülmüş; hacimsel parametreler Dv0.1, Dv0.5, Dv0.9 ile span değerleri kaydedilmiştir. Sonuçlar, debilerin teorik beklentilerle büyük ölçüde uyumlu olmasına karşın, aynı orifis çapına sahip memeler arasında damla boyutlarının önemli farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, iç tasarımın püskürtme performansını güçlü biçimde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Özellikle bir meme sürekli olarak daha iri damlalar üretirken, diğerleri daha ince püskürtme sağlamış; Göreli Span (Relative Span) değerleri ise üniformitedeki belirgin farklılıkları ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, meme performansının yalnızca nominal orifis çapına göre değerlendirilemeyeceğini vurgulamakta ve etkili zararlı kontrolü ile çevresel risklerin azaltılması için sistematik değerlendirmelerin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar, bu çalışmanın etik standartlar ve akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütüldüğünü beyan eder. Çalışmada insan veya hayvan deneyi yapılmamış olup çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

Thanks

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the TAMTEST institution (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, Türkiye) and its esteemed staff for their valuable technical support in the execution of this study. No financial support was provided.

References

  • ASABE, E. (2009). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA, 1, 354-357.
  • Balcı, Y., & Yağcıoğlu, A. (1994). Sırt Pülverizatörlerinde Kullanılan Bazı Hidrolik Memelerin Volumetrik Dağılım Karakteristikleri. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon, 15, 20-22.
  • Cerruto, E., Manetto, G., Papa, R., & Longo, D. (2021). Modelling spray pressure effects on droplet size distribution from agricultural nozzles. Applied Sciences, 11(19), 9283.
  • Chen, C., Xue, X., Zhou, Q., Gu, W., Zhang, S., & Wu, C. (2023). Fixed spraying systems application in citrus orchards: nozzle type and nozzle position effects on droplet deposition and pest control. Agronomy, 13(11), 2828.
  • Cunha, J. P. D., Reis, E. F. D., Assunção, H. H. D., & Landim, T. N. (2019). Evaluation of droplet spectra of the spray tip AD 11002 using different techniques. Engenharia Agrícola, 39(4), 476-481.
  • Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2024). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications. McGraw Hill.
  • De Cock, N., Massinon, M., Salah, S. O. T., Mercatoris, B. C. N., & Lebeau, F. (2015). Droplet size distribution measurements of ISO nozzles by shadowgraphy method. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci, 80, 295-301.
  • Gilreath, J. P., Santos, B. M., Chase, C. A., & Locascio, S. J. (2006). Influence of soil fumigation on 2, 4-D and dicamba carryover in fresh market tomato. Crop Protection, 25(10), 1095-1100. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.02.010
  • Dorr, G. J., Hewitt, A. J., Adkins, S. W., Hanan, J., Zhang, H., & Noller, B. (2013). A comparison of initial spray characteristics produced by agricultural nozzles. Crop protection, 53, 109-117. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.06.017.
  • Ferguson, J. C., O'Donnell, C. C., Chauhan, B. S., Adkins, S. W., Kruger, G. R., Wang, R., ... & Hewitt, A. J. (2015). Determining the uniformity and consistency of droplet size across spray drift reducing nozzles in a wind tunnel. Crop Protection, 76, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.06.008.
  • İtmeç, M., Bayat, A., Bolat, A., Toraman, M. C., & Soysal, A. (2022). Assessment of spray drift with various adjuvants in a wind tunnel. Agronomy, 12(10), 2377. doi:10.3390/agronomy12102377
  • Longo, D., Manetto, G., Papa, R., & Cerruto, E. (2020). Design and construction of a low-cost test bench for testing agricultural spray nozzles. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5221. doi:10.3390/app10155221
  • Matthews, G. A., Bateman, R., & Miller, P. (2014). Pesticide application methods. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Miller, P. C., Tuck, C. R., Murphy, S., & da Costa Ferreira, M. (2008). Measurements of the droplet velocities in sprays produced by different designs of agricultural spray nozzle. In European conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, Como Lake, Italy (pp. 8-10).
  • Nuyttens, D., Baetens, K., De Schampheleire, M., & Sonck, B. (2007). Effect of nozzle type, size and pressure on spray droplet characteristics. Biosystems engineering, 97(3), 333-345. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.001
  • Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of agricultural science, 144(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708
  • Popp, J., Pető, K., & Nagy, J. (2013). Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 33(1), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x
  • Privitera, S., Manetto, G., Pascuzzi, S., Pessina, D., & Cerruto, E. (2023). Drop size measurement techniques for agricultural sprays: A state-of-the-art review. Agronomy, 13(3), 678. doi:10.3390/agronomy13030678
  • Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature ecology & evolution, 3(3), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y
  • Sayıncı, B., Bozdoğan, N. Y., Yıldız, C., & Demir, B. (2013). Konik hüzmeli memelerde akış katsayısı ve bazı işletme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 9(1), 9-20.
  • Sivri, M., & Çanakcı, M. (2024). Kullanımda olan sera pülverizatörlerindeki meme plakalarının püskürtme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 648-665. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1325283.
  • Sudheer, K. P., & Panda, R. K. (2000). Digital image processing for determining drop sizes from irrigation spray nozzles. Agricultural Water Management, 45(2), 159-167.
  • Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108
  • Tuck, C. R., Ellis, M. B., & Miller, P. C. H. (1997). Techniques for measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions in agricultural sprays. Crop protection, 16(7), 619-628. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00053-7.
  • Vulgarakis Minov, S., Cointault, F., Vangeyte, J., Pieters, J. G., & Nuyttens, D. (2016). Spray droplet characterization from a single nozzle by high speed image analysis using an in-focus droplet criterion. Sensors, 16(2), 218. doi:10.3390/s16020218.
  • Zhai ChangYuan, Z. C., Zhao ChunJiang, Z. C., Wang Xiu, W. X., Li Weia, L. W., Li Weib, L. W., & Zhu RuiXiang, Z. R. (2014). Nozzle test system for droplet deposition characteristics of orchard air-assisted sprayer and its application. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20140702.015
  • Zhang, W., Lu, Y., van der Werf, W., Huang, J., Wu, F., Zhou, K., ... & Rosegrant, M. W. (2018). Multidecadal, county-level analysis of the effects of land use, Bt cotton, and weather on cotton pests in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33), E7700-E7709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721436115.
  • Wang, S., Li, X., Zeng, A., Song, J., Xu, T., Lv, X., & He, X. (2022). Effects of adjuvants on spraying characteristics and control efficacy in unmanned aerial application. Agriculture, 12(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020138

Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers

Year 2026, Volume: 40 Issue: 1 , 181 - 189 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804
https://izlik.org/JA67PJ97ZL

Abstract

Droplet formation in spray nozzles primarily depends on nozzle design, while droplet size is of critical importance in crop protection due to the varying optimal ranges required for different target pests. In practice, locally manufactured brass nozzles are commonly used in orchard and knapsack sprayers, largely because of their low cost. However, most of these nozzles are produced without undergoing any research and development process, and their ability to generate droplet sizes suitable for effective pest management has not been scientifically verified. The present study aimed to evaluate the spray characteristics of brass hollow cone nozzles with different designs, which are widely sold in the domestic market but lack technical data in the literature beyond orifice size. Four nozzles were tested: two with an orifice diameter of 1.5 mm and two with 1.2 mm. Each nozzle was operated at pressures of 300, 400, and 500 kPa, with three replications and a spraying duration of 60 seconds. Droplet size distributions were measured using a laser diffraction analyzer, and volumetric parameters DV0.1, DV0.5, DV0.9, together with span values, were recorded. The results showed that although flow rates closely matched theoretical expectations, droplet sizes varied significantly between nozzles of similar orifice diameters, indicating that internal design strongly influences spray performance. Notably, one nozzle consistently produced coarser droplets, while others generated finer sprays, and Relative Span values demonstrated clear differences in uniformity. These findings highlight that nozzle performance cannot be assessed based solely on nominal orifice size and emphasize the necessity of systematic evaluation to ensure effective pest control and minimize environmental risks.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study complies with ethical standards and academic integrity. No human or animal experiments were conducted, and no conflicts of interest exist.

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding

Thanks

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the TAMTEST institution (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, Türkiye) and its esteemed staff for their valuable technical support in the execution of this study, without providing financial funding.

References

  • ASABE, E. (2009). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA, 1, 354-357.
  • Balcı, Y., & Yağcıoğlu, A. (1994). Sırt Pülverizatörlerinde Kullanılan Bazı Hidrolik Memelerin Volumetrik Dağılım Karakteristikleri. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon, 15, 20-22.
  • Cerruto, E., Manetto, G., Papa, R., & Longo, D. (2021). Modelling spray pressure effects on droplet size distribution from agricultural nozzles. Applied Sciences, 11(19), 9283.
  • Chen, C., Xue, X., Zhou, Q., Gu, W., Zhang, S., & Wu, C. (2023). Fixed spraying systems application in citrus orchards: nozzle type and nozzle position effects on droplet deposition and pest control. Agronomy, 13(11), 2828.
  • Cunha, J. P. D., Reis, E. F. D., Assunção, H. H. D., & Landim, T. N. (2019). Evaluation of droplet spectra of the spray tip AD 11002 using different techniques. Engenharia Agrícola, 39(4), 476-481.
  • Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2024). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications. McGraw Hill.
  • De Cock, N., Massinon, M., Salah, S. O. T., Mercatoris, B. C. N., & Lebeau, F. (2015). Droplet size distribution measurements of ISO nozzles by shadowgraphy method. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci, 80, 295-301.
  • Gilreath, J. P., Santos, B. M., Chase, C. A., & Locascio, S. J. (2006). Influence of soil fumigation on 2, 4-D and dicamba carryover in fresh market tomato. Crop Protection, 25(10), 1095-1100. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.02.010
  • Dorr, G. J., Hewitt, A. J., Adkins, S. W., Hanan, J., Zhang, H., & Noller, B. (2013). A comparison of initial spray characteristics produced by agricultural nozzles. Crop protection, 53, 109-117. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.06.017.
  • Ferguson, J. C., O'Donnell, C. C., Chauhan, B. S., Adkins, S. W., Kruger, G. R., Wang, R., ... & Hewitt, A. J. (2015). Determining the uniformity and consistency of droplet size across spray drift reducing nozzles in a wind tunnel. Crop Protection, 76, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.06.008.
  • İtmeç, M., Bayat, A., Bolat, A., Toraman, M. C., & Soysal, A. (2022). Assessment of spray drift with various adjuvants in a wind tunnel. Agronomy, 12(10), 2377. doi:10.3390/agronomy12102377
  • Longo, D., Manetto, G., Papa, R., & Cerruto, E. (2020). Design and construction of a low-cost test bench for testing agricultural spray nozzles. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5221. doi:10.3390/app10155221
  • Matthews, G. A., Bateman, R., & Miller, P. (2014). Pesticide application methods. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Miller, P. C., Tuck, C. R., Murphy, S., & da Costa Ferreira, M. (2008). Measurements of the droplet velocities in sprays produced by different designs of agricultural spray nozzle. In European conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, Como Lake, Italy (pp. 8-10).
  • Nuyttens, D., Baetens, K., De Schampheleire, M., & Sonck, B. (2007). Effect of nozzle type, size and pressure on spray droplet characteristics. Biosystems engineering, 97(3), 333-345. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.001
  • Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of agricultural science, 144(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708
  • Popp, J., Pető, K., & Nagy, J. (2013). Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 33(1), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x
  • Privitera, S., Manetto, G., Pascuzzi, S., Pessina, D., & Cerruto, E. (2023). Drop size measurement techniques for agricultural sprays: A state-of-the-art review. Agronomy, 13(3), 678. doi:10.3390/agronomy13030678
  • Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., & Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature ecology & evolution, 3(3), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y
  • Sayıncı, B., Bozdoğan, N. Y., Yıldız, C., & Demir, B. (2013). Konik hüzmeli memelerde akış katsayısı ve bazı işletme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 9(1), 9-20.
  • Sivri, M., & Çanakcı, M. (2024). Kullanımda olan sera pülverizatörlerindeki meme plakalarının püskürtme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 648-665. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1325283.
  • Sudheer, K. P., & Panda, R. K. (2000). Digital image processing for determining drop sizes from irrigation spray nozzles. Agricultural Water Management, 45(2), 159-167.
  • Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108
  • Tuck, C. R., Ellis, M. B., & Miller, P. C. H. (1997). Techniques for measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions in agricultural sprays. Crop protection, 16(7), 619-628. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00053-7.
  • Vulgarakis Minov, S., Cointault, F., Vangeyte, J., Pieters, J. G., & Nuyttens, D. (2016). Spray droplet characterization from a single nozzle by high speed image analysis using an in-focus droplet criterion. Sensors, 16(2), 218. doi:10.3390/s16020218.
  • Zhai ChangYuan, Z. C., Zhao ChunJiang, Z. C., Wang Xiu, W. X., Li Weia, L. W., Li Weib, L. W., & Zhu RuiXiang, Z. R. (2014). Nozzle test system for droplet deposition characteristics of orchard air-assisted sprayer and its application. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20140702.015
  • Zhang, W., Lu, Y., van der Werf, W., Huang, J., Wu, F., Zhou, K., ... & Rosegrant, M. W. (2018). Multidecadal, county-level analysis of the effects of land use, Bt cotton, and weather on cotton pests in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33), E7700-E7709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721436115.
  • Wang, S., Li, X., Zeng, A., Song, J., Xu, T., Lv, X., & He, X. (2022). Effects of adjuvants on spraying characteristics and control efficacy in unmanned aerial application. Agriculture, 12(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020138
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biosystem, Precision Agriculture Technologies, Agricultural Machines
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Medet İtmeç 0000-0003-0714-6232

Submission Date September 8, 2025
Acceptance Date March 17, 2026
Publication Date April 28, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804
IZ https://izlik.org/JA67PJ97ZL
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 40 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İtmeç, M. (2026). Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 40(1), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804
AMA 1.İtmeç M. Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40(1):181-189. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804
Chicago İtmeç, Medet. 2026. “Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 (1): 181-89. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804.
EndNote İtmeç M (April 1, 2026) Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 1 181–189.
IEEE [1]M. İtmeç, “Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers”, Selcuk J Agr Food Sci, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 181–189, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804.
ISNAD İtmeç, Medet. “Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40/1 (April 1, 2026): 181-189. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804.
JAMA 1.İtmeç M. Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40:181–189.
MLA İtmeç, Medet. “Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 181-9, doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804.
Vancouver 1.Medet İtmeç. Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026 Apr. 1;40(1):181-9. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804

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