Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea

Abstract

Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) which is also called as anthracnose is the most important yield increasing fungal disease in chickpea production over the world and usually depends on winter rains. Symptoms of disease usually appear around flowering and podding time as patches of blighted plants in the field. Typical circular spots appear on leaves and pods, elongated lesions on stem, and deep cankerous lesions on seeds. Present research was made to an evaluation of ascochyta blight, main symptoms, disease cycle, combating etc. subjects on the light of United States of America model where the country is a good model in terms of pulse production besides powerful agricultural economy and to try finding issues about increasing the pulse production for better health and economic development. Survey questions were gathered between 2011 and 2015 in 10 States of USA by reporting the answers of totally 300 farmers. Results of the study showed that, the managed areas are relatively bigger, growers have close collaborations with agricultural foundations and especially with the universities and legumes act in rotation. Certified seed using is rare while seed treatments for diseases is applied but the farmers are suffering from anthracnose still. Main aspects of the farmers are disease control and yield stability. According to the results of the present research, there is need to well planned rotation, development of new chickpea cultivars for the desired characteristics especially for disease resistance and wide adaptation ability by consider economic development and sustainability in agriculture, growers should not use the seeds which harvested from ascochyta-infested crop, treat seed with fungicides, deep farming of chickpea fields to bury infested debris and removing of remaining debris from the field is necessary as well.

Keywords

• Agricultural survey, Anthracnose, Ascochyta blight, Disease management

References

1. Abbo S, Berger J, Turner NC (2003). Evolution of culti-vated chickpea: four bottlenecks limit diversity and constrain adaptation. Fungal Plant Pathology 30: 1081-1087.
2. Açıkgöz N (1994). Nohutta antraknoza dayanıklılık ıslahı. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlü-ğü Yayınları, No:91, İzmir.
3. Anonymous (2008). Ascochyta blight of chickpea, in: Plant Disease Management. NDSU Extention Ser-vice, ND, USA.
4. Anonymous (2015). 69.93.14.225/wscpr/Library Docs/Chickpea.pdf.
5. Casas TA, Kaiser WJ (1992). Influence of temperature, wetness period, plant age, and inoculum concentra-tion on infection and development of Ascochyta blight of chickpea. Phytopathology 82: 589-596.
6. Ceyhan E, Harmankaya M, Avcı MA (2008). Effects of Sowing Dates and Cultivars on Protein and Min-eral Contents of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20 (7): 5601-5613.
7. Chen W, Coyne CJ, Peever T L, Muehlbauer FJ (2004). Characterization of chickpea differentials for pathogenicity assay of ascochyta blight and identi-fication of chickpea accessions resistent to Didy-mella rabiei. Plant Pathology 53: 759-769.
8. Cho S, Muehlbauer FJ (2004). Genetic effect of differ-entially regulated fungal response genes on re-sistance to necrotropic fungal pathogens in chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Physiological and Mo-lecular Plant Pathology 64: 57-66.

9. Collard BCY, Ades PK, Pang ECK, Brouwer JB, Taylor PWJ (2001). Prospecting for sources of resistance to ascochyta blight in wild Cicer species. Austrian Plant Pathology 30: 271–276.
10. Collard BCY, Pang ECK, Ades PK, Taylor PWJ (2003). Preliminary investigation of QTLs associated with seedling resistance to ascochyta blight from Cicer echinospermum, a wild relative of chickpea. Theo-retical and Applied Genetics 107: 719-729.
11. Corp M, Machado S, Ball D, Smiley R, Petrie S, Sie-mens M, Guy S (2004). Chickpea Production Guide, in: Dryland Cropping Systems. Oregon State University, Extention Service, USA.
12. Gaur PM, Tripathi S, Gowda CLL, Ranga RGV, Shar-ma HC, Pande S, Sharma M (2010). Chickpea Seed Production Manual. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT. 28 pp.
13. Harware MP, Varayana RJ, Pundir RPS (1992). Evalu-tion of wild Cicer species for resistance to four chickpea disease. International Chickpea Newslet-ter 27: 16-18.
14. Hou A, Balasubramanian PM, Conner RL, Yu K, Navabi A (2010). Marker asisted pyramiding of re-sistance to common bacterial blight and anthrac-nose in Navy bean. Annual Report Bean Improve-ment Cooperative 53: 38-39.
15. Jukanti AK, Gaur PM, Gowda CLL, Chibbar RN (2012). Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition 108(1): 11-26.
16. Kaiser WJ (1973). Factors affecting growth sporulation, pathogenicity and survival of Ascochyta rabiei. Mycologia 65: 444-457.
17. Karahan O (1968). Nohut antraknozu'nun [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] mücadele metodunun tespiti üzerinde çalışmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 8 (2): 77-110.
18. Khune NN, Kapoor JN (1980). Ascochyta rabiei sy-nonymous with Phoma rabiei. Indian Phyto-pathology 33: 119-120.
19. Lichtenzveig J, Shtienberg D, Zhang HB, Bonfil DJ, Abbo S (2002). Biometric analysis of the inher-itance of resistance to Didymella rabiei in chick-pea. Phytopathology 92(4): 417-423.
20. Madakbas SY (2007). Fasulye Antraknozu (Colletot-richum lindemuthianum (Sacc & Magnus) Lambs. Scrib.) Hastalığına Dayanıklılığın Kalıtımı Üzerine Araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
21. Madakbas, S.Y., Ellialtıoğlu, Ş., 2005. Fasulye antrak-nozu (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) hastalığına dayanıklılığın kalıtımı. Alatarım 4 (2): 1-12.
22. Mcmullen MP, Markell SG (2008). North Dakota Field Crop Fungicide Guide. North Dakota State Univer-sity Extension Service Bulletin PP-622. North Dako-ta State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
23. Millan T, Clarke HJ, Siddique KHM, Buhariwalla HK, Gaur PM, Kumar J, Gil J, Kahl G, Winter P (2006). Chickpea molecular breeding: New tools and con-cepts. Euphytica 147: 81-103.
24. Muehlbauer FJ, Kaiser WJ (1994). Using host plant resistance to manage biotic stresses in cool season grain legumes. Euphytica 73:1-10.
25. Nene YL (1982). A review of Ascochyta blight of chickpea. Tropical Pest Management 28(1): 61-70.
26. Nkalubo ST, Melis R, Derera J, Laing MD, Opio F (2009). Genetic analysis of anthracnose resistance in common bean breeding source germplasm. Eu-phytica 167: 303-312.
27. Reddy MV, Singh KB (1984). Evaluation of world collection of chickpea germplasm accession of re-sistance to ascochyta blight. Plant Disease 68: 900-901.
28. Reddy MV, Singh KB (1990a). Relationship between ascochyta blight severity and yield lossin chickpea and identification of resistant lines. Phytopatholo-gy Mediterrean 29: 32-38.
29. Reddy MV, Singh KB (1990b). Management of asco-chyta blight of chickpea through integration of host plant tolerance and foliar spraying of chlorothano-hil. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology 18, 65-69.
30. Singh KB (1997). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crop Research 53: 161- 170.
31. Singh KB, Ocampo B (1993). Interspesific hybridiza-tion in annual Cicer species. Journal of Genetics and Breeding 47: 199-204.
32. Singh KB, Reddy MV (1983). Inheritance of resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea. Crop Science 23: 9-10.
33. Singh KB, Reddy MV (1993). Resistance to six races of Ascochyta rabiei in the world germplasm collection of chickpea. Crop Science 33: 186-189.
34. Singh KB, Reddy MV (1996). Improving chickpea yield by incorporating resistance to ascochyta blight. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 92: 509-515.
35. Singh NP, Singh A, Asthana AN (1999). Studies on inter-spesific crossability barriers in chickpea. Indi-an Journal of Pulse Research 12: 13-19.
36. Sprague R (1930). Notes on Phyllosticta rabiei on chickpea. Phytopathology 20: 591-593.
37. Tivoli B, Baranger A, Avila CM, Banniza S, Barbetti M, Chen W, Davidson J, Lindeck K, Kharrat M, Rubiales D, Sadiki M, Sillero JC, Sweedingham M, Muehlbauer FJ (2006). Screening techniques and sources of resistance to foliar diseases caused by major necrotrophic fungi in grain legumes. Euphytica 147: 223-253.
38. Tu JC, Hall RJ (1984). Ascochyta rabiei in Ontario, Canada. Plant Disease 68: 826.
39. Turgeon BG (1998). Applications of mating-type tech-nology to problems in fungal biology. Annual Re-view of Phytopathology 36:115–137.
40. Vail SL (2005). Population studies of Ascochyta rabiei on chickpea in Saskatchewan, Master Thesis, Uni-versity of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sci-ences, Saskatoon.