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Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 47 - 60, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.978209

Abstract

Ülkelerin bağımsızlıklarını koruyabilmek için savunma hizmetlerini güçlendirmeleri gerekmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak savunma hizmetlerinin karşılanması amacıyla devletler bütçelerinden pay ayırmaktadır. Savunma harcamaları (SH) için ayrılan kısım ülkelerin kamu harcamalarının büyük bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Orta Doğu ülkeleri örneklemi için savunma amaçlı yapılmış harcamaların ekonomik büyüme (EB) ile ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 9 Orta Doğu ülkesi için 1980 – 2019 yılları arasındaki zaman diliminde SH ve EB arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmek amacıyla elde edilen veriler ile panel zaman serisi incelemesi yapılmıştır. Analiz sırasında Konya (2006) bootstrap panel nedensellik testi, Westerlund (2006) panel eşbütünleşme testi ve Pesaran (2006) CCE panel eşbütünleşme tahmincisi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan eşbütünleşme testlerinin sonucunda ulaşılan ampirik bulgular, SH ve EB değişkenlerinin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiğini, nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ise Kuveyt ve İran ülkelerinde çift yönü nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmıştır. Son olarak Pesaran (2006) CCE panel eşbütünleşme tahmincisine göre Kuveyt ve Mısır için söz konusu ilişkinin negatif yönlü olduğu ve bu ülkeler için Askeri-Keynesyen yaklaşımının geçerli olduğu, diğer ülkeler içinse ilişkinin pozitif yönlü olduğu ve Neo-Klasik yaklaşımın geçerli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Abu-Bader S. ve Abu-Qarn A. S., (2003), Government Expenditures, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel, and Syria, Journal of Policy Modeling, 25, s.567–583.
  • Abu Al-Foul, B. M. (2014), Military Spending and Economic Growth: Evidence from Jordan. American University of Sharjah, School of Business Administration Working Paper Series, Nisan.
  • Apanisile, O. T. ve Okunlola, O. C. (2014), An Empirical Analysis of Effects of Military Spending on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Bound Testing Approach to Co-Integration 1989-2013, Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 3(6), s.117-130.
  • Asseery,A. A., Law, D. ve Perdikis, N. (1996), Wagner's Lawand Public Expenditure in Iraq: A Test Using Disaggregated Data, Applied Economies Letters, 6, s.39-44.
  • Benoit, E. (1973), Growth Effects of Defence in Developing Countries, International Development Review, 14(1), s.2-10.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (1997), Kamu Ekonomisine Giriş, Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Çevik, E. ve Bektaş, G. (2019), Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(16), s.229-236.
  • Chang, H. C., Huang, B. N. ve Yang, C. W. (2011), Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Across Different Groups: A Dynamic Panel Granger-Causality Approach, Economic Modelling, 28(6), s. 2416-2423
  • D’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P. ve Pieroni, L. (2010), Assessing the Effects of Military Expenditure on Growth. Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict, s.4-5.
  • Dunne, P. J. (2000). The Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries. Economics Group Middlesex University Business School.
  • Farzanegan, M (2012), Military Spending and Economic Growth: The Case of Iran, Defence and Peace Economics, s.1-23.
  • Güloğlu, B. ve İvrendi, M. (2010), Output Fluctuations: Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America, Applied Economics Letters, 17(4), s.381–86.
  • Hepaktan, C. E. ve Çınar, S. (2011), OECD Ülkeleri Vergi Sistemi Esnekliğinin Panel Eş Bütünleşme Testleri İle Analizi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, IV(2), s.78.
  • Karagöl, E. ve Palaz, S., (2004), Does Defence Expenditure Deter Economic Growth in Turkey? A Cointegration Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), s.289-298.
  • Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T, (2006), Analysis of Panel Data Models with Unit Roots and A Multifactor Error Structure. Unpublished Manuscript, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge University.
  • Kentor, J. ve Kick, E. (2008), Bringing the Military Back in: Military Expenditures and Economic Growth 1990 To 2003, Journal of World-Systems Research. 11(2), s.142-172.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on Oecd Countries with A Panel Data Approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
  • Koban, E. (1998), Savunma Harcamaları, Ekonomik Etkileri ve Türkiye’deki Gelişimi. Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı, Ankara, 355.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. (2018), Terörizm ve Makroekonomi: Avrasya Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), s.75-85.
  • Lebovic, J. ve Ishaq, A. (1987), Military Burden, Security Needs, and Economic Growth in The Middle East, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), s.106–138.
  • Linden,M., (1992), Military Expenditure, Government Size and Economic Growth in The Middle East in The Period 1973–85, Journal of Peace Research, 29, s.265–270.
  • Nordhaus, W., Oneal, J. R. ve Russett, B. (2012). The Effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study, International Organization, 491-513.
  • Özmucur, S. (1995), The Economics of Defense and the Peace Dividend in Turkey, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Öztürk, N. (2016), Kamu Maliyesi, 3. Baskı, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y., (2014), Military Spending and Economic Growth in The Middle East Countries: Bootstrap Panel Causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), s.443-456.
  • Payne, J.E. ve Ross, K.L. (1992), Defense Spending and the Macroeconomy, Defence Economics, 3(2), 161-168.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2006), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Crosssection Dependecy, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, s.0346.
  • Smyth R. ve Narayan P. K. (2009), A Panel Data Analysis of The Military Expenditure–External Debt Nexus: Evidence from Six Middle Eastern Countries, Journel of Peace Research, 2009, 46(2), s.235–250
  • Şentürk, S. (2020), Dış Borç ve Askeri Harcamalar İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 6(3), s.93-103.
  • Tatoğlu, ‪F. Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 68, 101-132.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. ve Öcal, N. (2005), Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence And Peace Economics, 16(4), s.283.
  • Yurttançıkmaz, Z.Ç., Ali, A. ve Emsen, Ö. S. (2012), Askeri Harcamalar ve Ambargonun Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri: İran Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), s.171-190.

Examining The Relationship between Defense Spending and Economic Growth: The Case of Middle East Countries

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 47 - 60, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.978209

Abstract

Countries need to strengthen their defense services in order to maintain their independence. Accordingly, countries allocate a share from their budgets in order to meet the defense services. The part allocated for defense expenditures (DE) constitutes a large part of the public expenditures of the countries. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between defense expenditures and economic growth (EG) over the Middle East countries. For 9 Middle Eastern countries, a panel time series analysis was conducted with the data obtained to analyze the relationship between DE and EG in the time period between 1980 and 2019. With the obtained data, Konya (2006) bootstrap panel causality test, Westerlund (2006) panel cointegration test and Pesaran (2006) CCE cointegration estimator were applied. The empirical findings obtained as a result of the cointegration tests show that the variables of DE and EG act together in the long run, while the results of the causality test show that there is a bidirectional causality relationship in Kuwait and Iran countries. Finally, according to Pesaran (2006) CCE panel cointegration estimator, it has been determined that the relationship in question is negative for Kuwait and Egypt and the Military-Keynesian approach is valid for these countries, while the relationship is positive for other countries and the Neo-Classical approach is valid.

References

  • Abu-Bader S. ve Abu-Qarn A. S., (2003), Government Expenditures, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel, and Syria, Journal of Policy Modeling, 25, s.567–583.
  • Abu Al-Foul, B. M. (2014), Military Spending and Economic Growth: Evidence from Jordan. American University of Sharjah, School of Business Administration Working Paper Series, Nisan.
  • Apanisile, O. T. ve Okunlola, O. C. (2014), An Empirical Analysis of Effects of Military Spending on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Bound Testing Approach to Co-Integration 1989-2013, Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 3(6), s.117-130.
  • Asseery,A. A., Law, D. ve Perdikis, N. (1996), Wagner's Lawand Public Expenditure in Iraq: A Test Using Disaggregated Data, Applied Economies Letters, 6, s.39-44.
  • Benoit, E. (1973), Growth Effects of Defence in Developing Countries, International Development Review, 14(1), s.2-10.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (1997), Kamu Ekonomisine Giriş, Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Çevik, E. ve Bektaş, G. (2019), Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(16), s.229-236.
  • Chang, H. C., Huang, B. N. ve Yang, C. W. (2011), Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Across Different Groups: A Dynamic Panel Granger-Causality Approach, Economic Modelling, 28(6), s. 2416-2423
  • D’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P. ve Pieroni, L. (2010), Assessing the Effects of Military Expenditure on Growth. Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict, s.4-5.
  • Dunne, P. J. (2000). The Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries. Economics Group Middlesex University Business School.
  • Farzanegan, M (2012), Military Spending and Economic Growth: The Case of Iran, Defence and Peace Economics, s.1-23.
  • Güloğlu, B. ve İvrendi, M. (2010), Output Fluctuations: Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America, Applied Economics Letters, 17(4), s.381–86.
  • Hepaktan, C. E. ve Çınar, S. (2011), OECD Ülkeleri Vergi Sistemi Esnekliğinin Panel Eş Bütünleşme Testleri İle Analizi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, IV(2), s.78.
  • Karagöl, E. ve Palaz, S., (2004), Does Defence Expenditure Deter Economic Growth in Turkey? A Cointegration Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), s.289-298.
  • Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T, (2006), Analysis of Panel Data Models with Unit Roots and A Multifactor Error Structure. Unpublished Manuscript, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge University.
  • Kentor, J. ve Kick, E. (2008), Bringing the Military Back in: Military Expenditures and Economic Growth 1990 To 2003, Journal of World-Systems Research. 11(2), s.142-172.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on Oecd Countries with A Panel Data Approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
  • Koban, E. (1998), Savunma Harcamaları, Ekonomik Etkileri ve Türkiye’deki Gelişimi. Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı, Ankara, 355.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. (2018), Terörizm ve Makroekonomi: Avrasya Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), s.75-85.
  • Lebovic, J. ve Ishaq, A. (1987), Military Burden, Security Needs, and Economic Growth in The Middle East, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31(1), s.106–138.
  • Linden,M., (1992), Military Expenditure, Government Size and Economic Growth in The Middle East in The Period 1973–85, Journal of Peace Research, 29, s.265–270.
  • Nordhaus, W., Oneal, J. R. ve Russett, B. (2012). The Effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study, International Organization, 491-513.
  • Özmucur, S. (1995), The Economics of Defense and the Peace Dividend in Turkey, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Basımevi, İstanbul.
  • Öztürk, N. (2016), Kamu Maliyesi, 3. Baskı, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y., (2014), Military Spending and Economic Growth in The Middle East Countries: Bootstrap Panel Causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), s.443-456.
  • Payne, J.E. ve Ross, K.L. (1992), Defense Spending and the Macroeconomy, Defence Economics, 3(2), 161-168.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2006), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Crosssection Dependecy, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, s.0346.
  • Smyth R. ve Narayan P. K. (2009), A Panel Data Analysis of The Military Expenditure–External Debt Nexus: Evidence from Six Middle Eastern Countries, Journel of Peace Research, 2009, 46(2), s.235–250
  • Şentürk, S. (2020), Dış Borç ve Askeri Harcamalar İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Çalışma, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 6(3), s.93-103.
  • Tatoğlu, ‪F. Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 68, 101-132.
  • Yıldırım, J., Sezgin, S. ve Öcal, N. (2005), Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Defence And Peace Economics, 16(4), s.283.
  • Yurttançıkmaz, Z.Ç., Ali, A. ve Emsen, Ö. S. (2012), Askeri Harcamalar ve Ambargonun Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri: İran Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), s.171-190.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Nese Simge Ozsoy 0000-0003-0463-6914

Ecrin Çiftçi 0000-0003-4851-0846

Feyyaz Zeren 0000-0003-0163-5916

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Submission Date August 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ozsoy, N. S., Çiftçi, E., & Zeren, F. (2022). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 25(1), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.978209

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