Yeşil Büyüme Sürecinin Enerji Verimliliği Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması: G-7 Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 799 - 810, 29.11.2024

Şeyma Bozkaya , Mahmut Sami Duran

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1519177

Abstract

Bu çalışma yeşil büyüme stratejisi çerçevesinde değerlendirilen değişkenlerin G-7 ülkelerinin enerji verimliliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktadır. 1990-2020 dönemleri arası yıllık verilerinden faydalanılmıştır. Enerji verimliliği hem büyüme süreçleri hem de çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından oldukça önemli bir konudur. Bu kapsamda sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri kapsamında enerji verimliliği üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen değişkenler çalışmada kullanılan modele dâhil edilmiştir. Yeşil büyüme, yeşil teknoloji olarak kabul edilen çevre ile ilgili teknolojiler, yenilenebilir enerji arzı ve kaynak verimliliği değişkenlerinin enerji verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit edebilmek için CS-ARDL tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Ampirik uygulama sonuçları yeşil büyümenin enerji verimliliğini artırdığını gösterirken, kaynak verimliliğinin enerji verimliliğini azalttığını göstermiştir. Öte yandan yeşil teknoloji ve yeşil enerji arzı değişkenleri ile bağımlı değişken arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki gözlemlenememiştir. G7 ülkelerinde yeşil enerji ve teknolojilerinin bölgesel düzeyde farklılık gösterebilecek olması literatürden beklenen genel etkilerin değişebilmesine yol açabilmektedir. Ayrıca G7 ülkelerinde Rebound (geri tepme) etkisi, politik ve piyasa uyumsuzlukları, enerji kaynaklarının çeşitliliği, bölgesel dağılım sorunları gibi faktörler sonuçların her ülkede farklılaşmasına yol açabilecektir. Bu nedenle bulguların her ülkenin dinamikleri doğrultusunda ele alınması son derece önemli olacaktır. G7 ülkelerinde yeşil büyüme ve enerji verimliliğini artırıcı yönde Rebound etkisinin azaltılması, yeşil teknolojilerin ar-ge yatırımlarının artırılması, enerji depolama, iletim altyapılarının enerji verimliliğini teşvik edecek şekilde tasarlanması vs. politikaların çok önemli olacağı önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Enerji Verimliliği, Yeşil Büyüme, Yeşil Enerji Arzı, Yeşil Teknoloji, Panel Veri

Investigating the Effect of the Green Growth Process on Energy Efficiency: A Study on G-7 Countries

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of variables evaluated within the framework of green growth strategy on energy efficiency of G-7 countries. Annual data between 1990-2020 were used. Energy efficiency is a very important issue in terms of both growth processes and environmental sustainability. In this context, variables that are thought to have an effect on energy efficiency within the scope of sustainable development goals were included in the model used in the study. The effects of green growth, environmental technologies accepted as green technology, renewable energy supply and resource efficiency variables on energy efficiency were evaluated. CS-ARDL estimator was used to determine the relationship between the variables. Empirical application results showed that green growth increases energy efficiency, while resource efficiency decreases energy efficiency. On the other hand, no statistically significant relationship was observed between green technology and green energy supply variables and the dependent variable. The fact that green energy and technologies may differ regionally in G7 countries may lead to changes in the general effects expected from the literature. In addition, factors such as rebound effect, political and market incompatibilities, diversity of energy resources, regional distribution problems in G7 countries may cause the results to differ in each country. Therefore, it will be extremely important to consider the findings in line with the dynamics of each country. It is suggested that policies such as reducing the rebound effect, increasing R&D investments in green technologies, designing energy storage and transmission infrastructures to encourage energy efficiency, etc. will be very important in G7 countries in order to increase green growth and energy efficiency.

Keywords

Energy Efficiency, Green Growth, Green Energy Supply, Green Technology, Panel Data

References

• Akram, R., Umar, M., Xiaoli, G., & Chen, F. (2022). Dynamic linkages between energy efficiency, renewable energy along with economic growth and carbon emission: A case of MINT countries an asymmetric analysis. Energy Reports, 8, 2119–2130.
• Allen, C., & Clouth, S. (2012). Green Growth and Low-Carbon Development: History, definitions and a guide to recent publications. A Guidebook to the Green Economy. Issue 1: Green Economy, UN Division for Sustainable Development (UNDESA).
• Anwar, A., Huong, N. T. T., Sharif, A., Kilinc‐Ata, N., Çitil, M., & Demirtaş, F. (2024). Is a green world real or a dream? A look at green growth from green innovation and financial development: Evidence from fragile economies. Geological Journal, 59(1), 98–112.
• Aşıcı, A. A., & Şahin, Ü. (2012). Yeşil Ekonomi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
• Bowen, A., & Hepburn, C. (2014). Green growth: An assessment. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 30(3), 407–422.
• Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253.
• Chhabra, M., Agarwal, M., & Giri, A. K. (2024). Does renewable energy promote green economic growth in emerging market economies? International Journal of Energy Sector Management.
• Dale, G., Mathai, M. V., & de Oliveira, J. A. P. (Eds.). (2016). Green growth: Ideology, political economy and the alternatives. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Dzwigol, H., Kwilinski, A., Lyulyov, O., & Pimonenko, T. (2023). The role of environmental regulations, renewable energy, and energy efficiency in finding the path to green economic growth. Energies, 16(7), 3090.
• Han, A. (2023). G7 ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin asimetrik panel nedensellik analizi ile incelenmesi. International Journal of Educational and Social Sciences, 2(2), 1–16.
• Hussain, M., & Dogan, E. (2021). The role of institutional quality and environment-related technologies in environmental degradation for BRICS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 304, 127059.
• Hussain, Z., Mehmood, B., Khan, M. K., & Tsimisaraka, R. S. M. (2022). Green growth, green technology, and environmental health: Evidence from high-GDP countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 816697.
• ILO. (2015). Yeşil Ekonomide İnsana Yakışır İşler: Türkiye’den İyi Örnekler Vaka Çalışması. ILO Office for Turkey: Ankara.
• Kasztelan, A. (2017). Green growth, green economy and sustainable development: Terminological and relational discourse. Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487–499.
• Küçük, G., & Aksel, E. (2020). Yeşil ekonomi: Kavram ve dinamikler. In Duran, M. S. (Ed.), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Büyüme Sürecinde Yeşil Ekonomi (1. Baskı). Bursa: Ekin Basın Yayın Dağıtım.
• Lee, C. C., Wang, C. S., He, Z., Xing, W. W., & Wang, K. (2023). How does green finance affect energy efficiency? The role of green technology innovation and energy structure. Renewable Energy, 219, 119417.
• Luo, S., & Zhang, S. (2022). How R&D expenditure intermediates as a new determinant for low carbon energy transition in Belt and Road Initiative economies. Renewable Energy, 197, 101–109.
• Mohsin, M., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Iqbal, N., & Saydaliev, H. B. (2022). The role of technological progress and renewable energy deployment in green economic growth. Renewable Energy, 190, 777–787.
• OECD. (2011). The Green Growth Strategy: Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future.
• OECD. (2002). Green Growth and Developing Countries: A Summary for Policy Makers. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/dac/50526354.pdf (Accessed on 10.04.2022).
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.
• Qing, L., & Abd Alwahed Dagestani, R. S. (2022). Novel research methods to evaluate renewable energy and energy-related greenhouse gases: Evidence from BRICS economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1–17.
• Rehman Khan, S. A., Yu, Z., Ridwan, I. L., Irshad, R., Ponce, P., & Tanveer, M. (2023). Energy efficiency, carbon neutrality, and technological innovation: A strategic move towards the green economy. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2).
• Shah, W. U. H., Hao, G., Yasmeen, R., Kamal, M. A., Khan, A., & Padda, I. U. H. (2022). Unraveling the role of China’s OFDI, institutional difference, and B&R policy on energy efficiency: A meta-frontier super-SBM approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(37), 56454–56472.
• Sohag, K., Husain, S., Hammoudeh, S., & Omar, N. (2021). Innovation, militarization, and renewable energy and green growth in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 36004–36017.
• Su, Y., & Gao, X. (2022). Revealing the effectiveness of green technological progress and financial innovation on green economic growth: The role of environmental regulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(48), 72991–73000.
• Tufail, M., Song, L., Umut, A., Ismailova, N., & Kuldasheva, Z. (2022). Does financial inclusion promote a green economic system? Evaluating the role of energy efficiency. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1–21.
• United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers. Retrieved from www.unep.org/greeneconomy.
• Wang, Z., & Wang, X. (2022). Research on the impact of green finance on energy efficiency in different regions of China based on the DEA-Tobit model. Resources Policy, 77, 102695.
• Weng, Q., Xu, H., & Ji, Y. (2018). Growing a green economy in China. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 121, 1–7.
• Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190.
• World Bank (2012). Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Yao, X., Yasmeen, R., Hussain, J., & Shah, W. U. H. (2021). The repercussions of financial development and corruption on energy efficiency and ecological footprint: Evidence from BRICS and Next 11 countries. Energy, 223, 120063.
• Yao, X., Shah, W. U. H., Yasmeen, R., Zhang, Y., Kamal, M. A., & Khan, A. (2020). The impact of trade on energy efficiency in the global value chain: A simultaneous equation approach. Science of The Total Environment, 142759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142759
• Yasmeen, R., Zhang, X., Tao, R., & Shah, W. U. H. (2023). The impact of green technology, environmental tax, and natural resources on energy efficiency and productivity: Perspective of OECD Rule of Law. Energy Reports, 9, 1308–1319.
• Yu, M., Zhou, Q., Cheok, M. Y., Kubiczek, J., & Iqbal, N. (2022). Does green finance improve energy efficiency? New evidence from developing and developed economies. Economic Change and Restructuring, 1–25.
• Zheng, L., Yuan, L., Khan, Z., Badeeb, R. A., & Zhang, L. (2023). How G-7 countries are paving the way for net-zero emissions through energy-efficient ecosystems? Energy Economics, 117, 106428.