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Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period

Year 2014, Issue: 4, 141 - 163, 01.01.2014

Abstract

Since the beginning of the struggle between man and nature, stone, wood and clay have played an important role in maintaining the continuity of human life. We have real evidence from archaeological excavations about the uninterrupted existence of early humans during the prehistoric periods. This evidence includes the artifacts manufactured by humans. Since the early stages of human life, all artifacts, which have been called “tools kit”, were used in the manufacture of new artifacts by careful reduction of pieces of stone and wood. In other words, each tool has led to the birth of another tool. But, what is the origin of human conceptions about the supernatural within the human life process? Who was the first to think about a mother goddess or god? Where did this notion of a supernatural force first come from? As we know, some mother goddess figurines were manufactured from stone, rock and bone by human kind since the beginning of history. Supernatural forces were attributed to these figurines. When were supernatural attributes applied to the creation of figures out of clay? And when was the controlled firing of clay figurines first developed? New excavations at Direkli Cave shed light on these important issues in prehistory

References

  • Arbuckle and Erek 2010 Arbuckle, B.S. and C.M. Erek, “Late Epipaleolithic Hunters of the
  • Central Taurus: Faunal Remains from Direkli Cave, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/oa.1230
  • Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1989 Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer Cohen, “The Origins of Sedentism and Farming Communities in the Levant”, Journal of World Prehistory, ¾.
  • Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1998 Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer Cohen, “Natufian Imagery in Perspective”, Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, XLIX.
  • Baruch 1994 Baruch, U., “The Late Quaternary Pollen Record of the Near East”, Late Quaternary Chronology and Palaeoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, p.p. 103-119, Radiocarbon Supplement Volume, Tuscon, Arizona.
  • Blondel and Aronson 1999 Blondel, J. and J. Aronson., Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 1997 Goring-Morris, N. and A.Belfer-Cohen., “The Articulation of cultural Processes and Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in Cisjordan”, Paléorient, Volume 23, Number 2.
  • Gorring-Morris 1998 Gorring-Morris, A.N., “Mobiliary Art from the Late Epipaleolithic of the Negev, Israel”, Rock Art Research, Volume 15, Number 2.
  • Grand 1967 Grand, P.M., Prehistoric Art: Paleolithic Painting and Sculpture, New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, Connecticut.
  • Kartal 2009 Kartal, M., Epi-Paleolitik Dönem Türkiye’de Son Avcı Toplayıcılar: Konar-Göçerlikten Yerleşik Yaşama Geçiş, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Kozlowski 1992 Kozlowski, Janusz K., L’Art de la Préhistoire en Europe Orientale. Jaca Book and CNRS Editions, Paris.
  • Kökten 1960 Kökten, İ.K.,“Anadolu Maraş Vilayetinde Tarihten Dip Tarihe Gidiş”, TürkAD X-1, 40-44.
  • Kuhn 2002 Kuhn, S.L., “Paleolithic Archaeology in Turkey”. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11.
  • Lesure 2011 Lesure, R.G., Interpreting Ancient Figurines, Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Lewis 1985 Lewis, H.T., “Why Indians Burned: Specific Versus General Reasons”, Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.D.A Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.
  • Moore and Hillman 1992 Moore, A.M.T. and Hillman, G.C.,“The Pleistocene to Holocene Transition and Human Ecology in Southwest Asia: The Impact of the Younger Dryas”, American Antiquity 57.
  • Naveh 2005 Naveh, Z., “The Role of Fire in the Evolution of the Mediterranean Cultural Landscape in the Pleistocene and Early Holocene with Special Reference to Mt. Carmel”, The Evolution of the Cultural Landscape in Israel, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Olszewski and Dibble (ed.) 1993 Olszewski D.I. and Dibble H.L., The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Monograph 83, Philadelphia.
  • Summers 2003 Summers, D., Real Spaces: World Art History and the Rise of Western Modernism. Phaidon Press, New York.

Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period

Year 2014, Issue: 4, 141 - 163, 01.01.2014

Abstract

Doğa ve insan arasındaki mücadelenin başlangıcından bu yana, taş, odun ve kil, insan yaşamının sürekliliğini devam ettirmede önemli rol oynamıştır. Biz prehistorik dönemler süresince en eski insanların kesintisiz varlığı hakkında arkeolojik kazılardan ele geçen gerçek kanıtlara sahibiz. Bu kanıtlar insan tarafından üretilmiş buluntuları içermektedir. İnsan yaşamının erken dönemlerinden itibaren “alet çantası” olarak adlandırılmış olan tüm unsurlar, taş ve odun parçalarının dikkatli bir biçimde yontulmasıyla, yeni aletlerin üretilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Bir başka deyişle, her alet bir diğer aletin doğmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak bu maddi bulguların yanında var olduğunu anladığımız doğaüstü güçler hakkındaki fikirlerin insanın düşünceleri içinde yer almasına sebep olan şey nedir? Tanrı ya da tanrıça hakkında ilk fikirleri kimler düşünmüştür? Doğaüstü güç kavramı nereden ortaya çıkmıştır? Bilindiği gibi tarihin başlangıcından itibaren taş, kaya ve kemikten bazı ana tanrıça heykel/ heykelcikleri üretilmiştir. Doğaüstü güçler bu heykelciklere dayandırılmıştır. Doğaüstü özellikler ne zaman kilden yapılmış heykelcikler üzerinde vurgulandı? Ve kilden yapılmış heykelciklerin geliştirilmesinde ilk defa ne zaman kontrollü ateş kullanılmıştır? Direkli Mağarası’ndaki yeni kazılar, prehistorya içindeki bu önemli sorunlara ışık tutacaktır.

References

  • Arbuckle and Erek 2010 Arbuckle, B.S. and C.M. Erek, “Late Epipaleolithic Hunters of the
  • Central Taurus: Faunal Remains from Direkli Cave, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/oa.1230
  • Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1989 Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer Cohen, “The Origins of Sedentism and Farming Communities in the Levant”, Journal of World Prehistory, ¾.
  • Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1998 Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer Cohen, “Natufian Imagery in Perspective”, Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, XLIX.
  • Baruch 1994 Baruch, U., “The Late Quaternary Pollen Record of the Near East”, Late Quaternary Chronology and Palaeoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, p.p. 103-119, Radiocarbon Supplement Volume, Tuscon, Arizona.
  • Blondel and Aronson 1999 Blondel, J. and J. Aronson., Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 1997 Goring-Morris, N. and A.Belfer-Cohen., “The Articulation of cultural Processes and Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in Cisjordan”, Paléorient, Volume 23, Number 2.
  • Gorring-Morris 1998 Gorring-Morris, A.N., “Mobiliary Art from the Late Epipaleolithic of the Negev, Israel”, Rock Art Research, Volume 15, Number 2.
  • Grand 1967 Grand, P.M., Prehistoric Art: Paleolithic Painting and Sculpture, New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, Connecticut.
  • Kartal 2009 Kartal, M., Epi-Paleolitik Dönem Türkiye’de Son Avcı Toplayıcılar: Konar-Göçerlikten Yerleşik Yaşama Geçiş, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Kozlowski 1992 Kozlowski, Janusz K., L’Art de la Préhistoire en Europe Orientale. Jaca Book and CNRS Editions, Paris.
  • Kökten 1960 Kökten, İ.K.,“Anadolu Maraş Vilayetinde Tarihten Dip Tarihe Gidiş”, TürkAD X-1, 40-44.
  • Kuhn 2002 Kuhn, S.L., “Paleolithic Archaeology in Turkey”. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11.
  • Lesure 2011 Lesure, R.G., Interpreting Ancient Figurines, Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Lewis 1985 Lewis, H.T., “Why Indians Burned: Specific Versus General Reasons”, Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.D.A Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.
  • Moore and Hillman 1992 Moore, A.M.T. and Hillman, G.C.,“The Pleistocene to Holocene Transition and Human Ecology in Southwest Asia: The Impact of the Younger Dryas”, American Antiquity 57.
  • Naveh 2005 Naveh, Z., “The Role of Fire in the Evolution of the Mediterranean Cultural Landscape in the Pleistocene and Early Holocene with Special Reference to Mt. Carmel”, The Evolution of the Cultural Landscape in Israel, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Olszewski and Dibble (ed.) 1993 Olszewski D.I. and Dibble H.L., The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Monograph 83, Philadelphia.
  • Summers 2003 Summers, D., Real Spaces: World Art History and the Rise of Western Modernism. Phaidon Press, New York.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cevdet Merih Erek This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Erek, C. M. (2014). Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period. Seleucia(4), 141-163.
AMA Erek CM. Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period. Seleucia. January 2014;(4):141-163.
Chicago Erek, Cevdet Merih. “Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape During the Epi-Paleolithic Period”. Seleucia, no. 4 (January 2014): 141-63.
EndNote Erek CM (January 1, 2014) Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period. Seleucia 4 141–163.
IEEE C. M. Erek, “Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period”, Seleucia, no. 4, pp. 141–163, January 2014.
ISNAD Erek, Cevdet Merih. “Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape During the Epi-Paleolithic Period”. Seleucia 4 (January 2014), 141-163.
JAMA Erek CM. Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period. Seleucia. 2014;:141–163.
MLA Erek, Cevdet Merih. “Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape During the Epi-Paleolithic Period”. Seleucia, no. 4, 2014, pp. 141-63.
Vancouver Erek CM. Direkli Cave: The Significance of Fire and Female Figurines in the Paleo-Landscape during the Epi-paleolithic Period. Seleucia. 2014(4):141-63.