Yaşlı Yalnızlığıyla Mücadelede Sosyal Politika Modelleri ve Müdahale Programları: Sistematik Bir Literatür Değerlendirmesi ve Türkiye İçin Bütünleşik Bir Model Önerisi

Abstract

Dünya nüfusunun hızla yaşlanması, yaşlılıkta yalnızlığı bireysel bir duygudan yapısal bir sosyal politika sorununa dönüştürmüştür. Bu çalışma, yaşlı yalnızlığıyla mücadelede geliştirilen sosyal politika modellerini ve müdahale programlarını sistematik bir arama protokolüne dayalı literatür değerlendirmesi çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Yalnızlığın kuramsal temelleri ile bireysel, sosyal ve yapısal risk faktörleri ele alınmakta; dünyada uygulanan 11 müdahale kategorisi etkililik, kanıt düzeyi, maliyet, ölçeklenebilirlik ve kültürel uygunluk bakımından karşılaştırılmaktadır. Sosyal politika yaklaşımları yedi model altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Türkiye’nin mevcut durumu; hizmet yapısı, kurumsal bakım pratikleri, yaş dostu kent uygulamaları, kültürel bağlam, pandemi sonrası dönüşüm, kırsal-kentsel farklılıklar ve hizmet yetersizliklerinin yapısal nedenleri ekseninde tartışılmaktadır. Bu değerlendirmeden hareketle erken tarama, risk sınıflandırması, sosyal reçeteleme, toplum merkezleri, dijital destek ve sürekli izleme bileşenlerinden oluşan, geri bildirim döngüsüyle kendini güncelleyen Bütünleşik Yaşlı Sosyal Bağlantı Modeli (BYSBM) önerilmektedir. Her bileşenin kuramsal ve ampirik dayanağı eşlenmekte; bağlantı çalışanının görev tanımı, risk sınıflandırma ölçütleri, kurumlar arası koordinasyon, kişisel verilerin korunması ile maliyet ve sürdürülebilirlik ayrıca tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, Türkiye’de yalnızlık müdahalelerinin randomize kontrollü çalışmalarla sınanmasını önermektedir.

Keywords

• yaşlı yalnızlığı
• sosyal izolasyon
• sosyal politika
• aktif yaşlanma
• sosyal reçeteleme

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