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Dağlık Karabağ Çatışmasındaki Yaptırım Mantığı ve Etkileri Üzerine Analitik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 87 - 99, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2147-7035.2018.6.2.01

Abstract

Uluslararası aktörlerin savaşlarda ve çatışmalardaki rolü son yıllarda dikkat çekmektedir. Konuya ilişkin yapılan çalışmalarda savaşları önlemek ya da onları sonlandırmak için neler yapılabileceği konusuna özel bir önem verilmiştir. Kullanılan araçlar çatışmaya ve ülkeye göre farklılık göstermektedir. Haiti ve Kongo vakalarında olduğu gibi uluslararası aktörler bazen çatışmalara doğrudan müdahale etmektedirler. Diğer çatışmalarda, uluslararası aktörler ekonomik yaptırımlar gibi diğer araçlara başvurmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, uluslararası aktörlerin tek taraflı kuvvet kullanımı üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Dağlık Karabağ çatışmasındaki girişimleri nedeniyle önem arz eden Birleşmiş Milletler ile Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı’nın kararları, çözümleri, önerileri ve önlemleri çatışmanın seyrine eklenerek üçüncü tarafların girişimlerinin çatışmada kullanılmakta olan şiddet eylemleri üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi olduğu zaman serisi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, aktörlerin girişimlerinin çatışmada başvurulan tek taraflı kuvvet kullanımı eylemi üzerinde etkisiz kaldığı ortaya çıkmıştır.

References

  • Anderson, Erin; Ross, William T. Jr. and Weitz, Barton (1998), Commitment and Its Consequences in the American Agency System of Selling Insurance, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 637-669.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan; Enterline, Andrew J. and Joyce, Kyle A. (2008), Third-Party Intervention and the Civil war Process, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 345-363.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan and Enterline, Andrew J. (2000), Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820-1992, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 615-642.
  • Bussmann, Margit van der Haer, Roos, and Schneider, Gerald (2008), Accounting for Civilian Deaths: The Konstanz One-Sided Violence Dataset, paper prepared for the 49th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, California.
  • Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke and Söderbom, Måns (2004), On the Duration of Civil War, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 253-273.
  • Cornell, Svante E. (1999), The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies, Report No. 46, Uppsala University, Sweden.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (eds.) (2002), Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (2001), Assessing Smart Sanctions Targeted Sanctions: Lessons from the 1990’s, in: Smart Sanctions: The Next Step the Debate on Arms Embargoes and Travel Sanctions within the ‘Bonn Berlin Process’, Michael Brzoska (hrsg.), Nomos Verlag, Baden Baden.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (eds.) (2000), The Sanctions Decade Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder.
  • Cunningham, David, E. (2010), Blocking Resolution: How External States can Prolong Civil Wars, Journal of peace Research, Vol.47, No. 2, pp. 115-127.
  • Downes, Alexander B. (2006a), Hypothesis on the Effectiveness of Civilian Victimization in War, paper prepared for the 47th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, California.
  • Downes, Alexander B. (2006b), Desperate Times, Desperate Measures: The Causes of Civilian Victimization in War, International Security, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Spring 2006), pp. 152–195.
  • Doxey, Margaret (1996), International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective, 2nd ed., St. Martin’s Press, New York.
  • Falk, Richard (1992), The Use of Economic Sanctions in the Context of the Changing World Order,” paper delivered at the Conference on International Economic Sanctions in the Post Cold War Era, Philadelphia, Penn., October 17, 1992.
  • Findley, Michael G. and Teo, Tze Kwang (2006), Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach, Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 828-837.
  • Gent, Stephen E. (2008), Going in When it Counts: Military Intervention and the Outcome of Civil Conflicts, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 713-735.
  • Gent, Stephen E. (2007), Strange Bedfellows: The Strategic Dynamics of Major Power Military Interventions, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 1089-1102.
  • Gurr, Ted R. (1986) “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis.” in Government Violence and Repression, edited by Michael Stohl, and George A. Lopez, New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 45-72.
  • Harff, Barbara (2003), No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955, American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 57-73.
  • Hultman, Lisa (2010), Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians, Civil Wars, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 29-46.
  • Krain, Matthew (2005), Democracy, Internal War, and State-Sponsored Mass Murder, Human Rights Review, Vol.1, No. 3, pp. 40-48.
  • Kathman, Jacob D. (2010), Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 54. No. 4, pp. 989-1012.
  • Martin Lisa L. (1994), Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multlateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • Minear, Larry; Cortright, David; Wagler, Julia; Lopez, George A. and Weiss, Thomas G. (1998), Toward More Humane and Effective Sanctions Management: Enhancing the Capacity of the United Nations System, Occasional Papers, Published by Brown University Institute for International Studies, No. 31, pp. 1-90.
  • Nalbandov, Robert (2009), Foreign Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts. Ashgate Publishing, UK.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2002), Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 55-73.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2000), Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts, paper was presented at the workshop on the Economics of Political Violence, Princeton University, May, 2000 and the Annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Aug 28-Sept. 1, 2000.
  • Ross, Michael L. (2004), What Do We Know About Natural Resources and Civil War?, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 337-356.
  • Saideman, Stephen M. (2002), Discrimination in International Relations: Analyzing External Support for Ethnic Groups, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 27-50.
  • Schneider, Gerald; Banholzer, Lilli and Haer, Roos (2011), Cain`s Choice: Causes of One-Sided Violence Against Civilians, in: Causes of War: An Introduction to Theories behind Warfare and Collective Violence, Tor Georg Jakobsen (Edt.), Nova Science Publishers, New York.
  • Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004), Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. and Collins, Cindy (2000), Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention, Westview Press, Boluder.
  • Wood, Reed Morrison; Kathman, Jacob D. and Gent, Stephen E. (2010), Armed Intervention and Insurgent Violence against Civilians in Intrastate Conflicts, Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA, February 17, 2010.

An Analytical Assessment on Sanction Logic and its Impact on the Conflict of Nagorno Karabakh

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 87 - 99, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2147-7035.2018.6.2.01

Abstract

The role of international actors in war and conflict has received a lot of attention in recent years. Special attention has focused on what they can do to prevent wars or bring them to an end. The instruments implemented differ by conflict and country. Occasionally, as was the case in Haiti or Congo, international actors directly intervene in the conflict. In other conflicts, international actors have relied on other tools, such as economic sanctions. The logic that plays a key role in this research study concerns the influence of international actors. By reason of their initiative the resolutions, decisions, and measures of United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the actions of third parties are integrated into the time series analysis to evaluate one-sided violence used by the conflict parties for the case study Nagorno Karabakh. As a result of analysis, it was revealed that the actors' initiatives were ineffective on one-sided violence against civilians used by the conflict parties.

References

  • Anderson, Erin; Ross, William T. Jr. and Weitz, Barton (1998), Commitment and Its Consequences in the American Agency System of Selling Insurance, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 637-669.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan; Enterline, Andrew J. and Joyce, Kyle A. (2008), Third-Party Intervention and the Civil war Process, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 345-363.
  • Balch-Lindsay, Dylan and Enterline, Andrew J. (2000), Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820-1992, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 615-642.
  • Bussmann, Margit van der Haer, Roos, and Schneider, Gerald (2008), Accounting for Civilian Deaths: The Konstanz One-Sided Violence Dataset, paper prepared for the 49th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, California.
  • Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke and Söderbom, Måns (2004), On the Duration of Civil War, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 253-273.
  • Cornell, Svante E. (1999), The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies, Report No. 46, Uppsala University, Sweden.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (eds.) (2002), Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (2001), Assessing Smart Sanctions Targeted Sanctions: Lessons from the 1990’s, in: Smart Sanctions: The Next Step the Debate on Arms Embargoes and Travel Sanctions within the ‘Bonn Berlin Process’, Michael Brzoska (hrsg.), Nomos Verlag, Baden Baden.
  • Cortright, David and Lopez George A. (eds.) (2000), The Sanctions Decade Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder.
  • Cunningham, David, E. (2010), Blocking Resolution: How External States can Prolong Civil Wars, Journal of peace Research, Vol.47, No. 2, pp. 115-127.
  • Downes, Alexander B. (2006a), Hypothesis on the Effectiveness of Civilian Victimization in War, paper prepared for the 47th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, California.
  • Downes, Alexander B. (2006b), Desperate Times, Desperate Measures: The Causes of Civilian Victimization in War, International Security, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Spring 2006), pp. 152–195.
  • Doxey, Margaret (1996), International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective, 2nd ed., St. Martin’s Press, New York.
  • Falk, Richard (1992), The Use of Economic Sanctions in the Context of the Changing World Order,” paper delivered at the Conference on International Economic Sanctions in the Post Cold War Era, Philadelphia, Penn., October 17, 1992.
  • Findley, Michael G. and Teo, Tze Kwang (2006), Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach, Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 828-837.
  • Gent, Stephen E. (2008), Going in When it Counts: Military Intervention and the Outcome of Civil Conflicts, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 713-735.
  • Gent, Stephen E. (2007), Strange Bedfellows: The Strategic Dynamics of Major Power Military Interventions, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 1089-1102.
  • Gurr, Ted R. (1986) “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis.” in Government Violence and Repression, edited by Michael Stohl, and George A. Lopez, New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 45-72.
  • Harff, Barbara (2003), No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955, American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 57-73.
  • Hultman, Lisa (2010), Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians, Civil Wars, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 29-46.
  • Krain, Matthew (2005), Democracy, Internal War, and State-Sponsored Mass Murder, Human Rights Review, Vol.1, No. 3, pp. 40-48.
  • Kathman, Jacob D. (2010), Civil War Contagion and Neighboring Interventions, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 54. No. 4, pp. 989-1012.
  • Martin Lisa L. (1994), Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multlateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • Minear, Larry; Cortright, David; Wagler, Julia; Lopez, George A. and Weiss, Thomas G. (1998), Toward More Humane and Effective Sanctions Management: Enhancing the Capacity of the United Nations System, Occasional Papers, Published by Brown University Institute for International Studies, No. 31, pp. 1-90.
  • Nalbandov, Robert (2009), Foreign Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts. Ashgate Publishing, UK.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2002), Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 55-73.
  • Regan, Patrick M. (2000), Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts, paper was presented at the workshop on the Economics of Political Violence, Princeton University, May, 2000 and the Annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Aug 28-Sept. 1, 2000.
  • Ross, Michael L. (2004), What Do We Know About Natural Resources and Civil War?, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 337-356.
  • Saideman, Stephen M. (2002), Discrimination in International Relations: Analyzing External Support for Ethnic Groups, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 27-50.
  • Schneider, Gerald; Banholzer, Lilli and Haer, Roos (2011), Cain`s Choice: Causes of One-Sided Violence Against Civilians, in: Causes of War: An Introduction to Theories behind Warfare and Collective Violence, Tor Georg Jakobsen (Edt.), Nova Science Publishers, New York.
  • Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004), Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. and Collins, Cindy (2000), Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention, Westview Press, Boluder.
  • Wood, Reed Morrison; Kathman, Jacob D. and Gent, Stephen E. (2010), Armed Intervention and Insurgent Violence against Civilians in Intrastate Conflicts, Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA, February 17, 2010.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayla Akdoğan This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Akdoğan, Ayla. “Dağlık Karabağ Çatışmasındaki Yaptırım Mantığı Ve Etkileri Üzerine Analitik Bir Değerlendirme”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/2 (April 2018), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2147-7035.2018.6.2.01.