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Sosyo-Ekolojik Dönüşüm Karşısında Türkiye: Bir Alternatif Olarak Yeşil Büyüme

Year 2015, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 69 - 94, 01.10.2015

Abstract

Dünya nüfusunun ve tüketimin artması, sanayileşmenin hızlanması, artan ihtiyaçların karşılanması için daha fazla miktarda gıdaya ve hammaddeye ihtiyaç duyulması, bu hammadde ihtiyacının büyük çoğunluğunun yenilenebilir olmayan kaynaklardan karşılanıyor olması, neticede dünya üzerindeki miktarı sınırlı olan bu kaynakların azalmasına, hatta tükenmesine yol açmakta, bu tehditler karşısında ise mevcut sosyal ve ekonomik rejimlerin sürdürülebilir olmadığı, sosyo-ekolojik bir dönüşümün kaçınılmaz olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tüm bunlar ışığında makalede, sosyo-ekolojik bir dönüşümü mecburi kılan birçok gelişmenin yaşandığı, Türkiye’nin de bu dönüşüme maruz kaldığı ve anılan risklere karşı farklı bir büyüme perspektifini uygulamaya koyması gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Yeşil Büyüme konsepti, bahse konu tartışmalar neticesinde, sosyo-ekolojik dönüşümü mecburi kılan risklerle başa çıkılabilmek, sürdürülebilir bir kalkınma sağlamak, bunu gerçekleştirirken de çevresel sınırları gözetmek amacıyla yeni bir kalkınma paradigması olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Makale kapsamında, çoklu perspektif analizi yöntemi yardımı ile Yeşil Büyüme konseptinin Türkiye için gerekliliği analiz edilmiş, benzer ülkelerin uygulama örnekleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmış, konseptin Türkiye ekonomisine ve refahına ne tür katkılar sunabileceği tartışılmış, diğer taraftan ise bu konseptin hayata geçirilmesi için izlenecek yollar ortaya konulmuştur. Makale kapsamında yaptığımız analize göre, sosyo-ekolojik dönüşüm bir tercih olmaktan çıkmış, ülkelerin büyümelerini sürdürülebilir ve kaliteli kılabilmeleri için mecburi olarak izlenmesi gereken bir yol olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Türkiye açısından bakıldığında “Yeşil Büyüme” stratejisinin; kaynak verimliliği, uluslararası anlaşmalara ve çerçevelere uygum sağlama, yeni iş kollarının ve imkânlarının yaratılması, yeni ürün ve pazarların geliştirilmesi, sosyal ve çevresel baskılara karşı çözüm sunulması, ülke imajı ve insanı kalkınmışlık konularında birçok imkân sunması ve kapasite geliştirilmesine katkı sağlaması beklenebilir. “Yeşil Büyüme” stratejisinin hayata geçirilmesi ise çok kapsamlı ve uzun vadeli bir çalışmayı, en önemlisi de, bir zihniyet dönüşümünü gerektirmektedir.

References

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  • Becker, E. & Jahn, T. 2006. Soziale Ökologie: Grundzüge einer Wissenschaft von den gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnissen, Campus Verlag.
  • Ekins, P. 2002. Economic growth and environmental sustainability: the prospects for green growth, Routledge.
  • Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R., Masson- Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., Raymo, M., Royer, D. L. & Zachos, J. C. 2008. Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? ArXiv Reprint:0804.1126.
  • Endres, A. & Radke, V. 2012. Economics for Environmental Studies: A Strategic Guide to Micro-and Macroeconomics, Springer.
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  • Koopmans, T. C. 1969. Objectives, constraints, and outcomes in optimal growth models, Springer.
  • Lambin, J.-J. 2014. Rethinking the Market Economy: New Challenges, New Ideas, New Opportunities, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Malthus, T. R. 1966. First essay on population, 1798, Macmillan.
  • Meadows, D. H., Goldsmith, E. I. & Meadow, P. 1972. The limits to growth, Earth Island Limited London.
  • Shumacher, E. F. 1967. Small is beautiful. MIT University Publication.
  • Yülek, M. 1998. Asya Kaplanları: Sanayi Politikaları ve Kalkınma (Asian Tigers: Industrialization Policies and Development). Istanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Bansal, P. & Bogner, W. C. 2002. Deciding on ISO 14001: economics, institutions, and context. Long Range Planning, 35, 269-290.
  • Bartelmus, P. 2014. What's Beyond GDP? Dimesions, 4, 8-13.
  • Cobb, C., Halstead, T. & Rowe, J. 1995. If the GDP is up, why is America down? Atlantic-Boston-, 276, 59-79.
  • Costanza, R., Erickson, J., Fligger, K., Adams, A., Adams, C., Altschuler, B., Balter, S., Fisher, B., Hike, J. & Kelly, J. 2004. Estimates of the genuine progress indicator (GPI) for Vermont, Chittenden County and Burlington, from 1950 to 2000. Ecological Economics, 51, 139- 155.
  • Dasgupta, P. 2008. Nature in economics. Environmental and Resource Economics, 39, 1-7.
  • Dasgupta, P. 2014. Measuring the Wealth of Nations. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 6, 17-31.
  • Distaso, A. 2007. Well-being and/or quality of life in EU countries through a multidimensional index of sustainability. Ecological Economics, 64, 163-180.
  • Dobson, A. 2007. Environmental citizenship: towards sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 15, 276-285.
  • Duraiappah, A. 2014. Editorial. Dimesions, 4, 2-3.
  • Karagöz, A. 1998. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7.
  • Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W. & Costa-Roberts, J. 2011. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333, 616-620.
  • Luks, F., Siebenhüner, B., Felbinger, D., Lux, A., Beschorner, T. & Wendorf, G. 2007. Sozial-ökologische Transformation der Ökonomik–Probleme, Potentiale und Perspektiven. Gaia, 16, 115- 121.
  • Mamedov, N. 1996. Toplum ve Doğanın Karşılıklı Etkileşimi: Sosyal Ekoloji. Çevre Dergisi, Ekim–Kasım–Aralık.
  • Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapın, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C. & Schellnhuber, H. J. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472-475.
  • Rogelj, J., Hare, W., Lowe, J., Van Vuuren, D. P., Riahi, K., Matthews, B., Hanaoka, T., Jıang, K. & Meınshausen, M. 2011. Emission pathways consistent with a 2 [thinsp][deg] C global temperature limit. Nature Climate Change, 1, 413-418.
  • Scrieciu, S., Rezai, A. & Mechler, R. 2013. On the economic foundations of green growth discourses: the case of climate change mitigation and macroeconomic Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 2, 251-268. in economic modeling. Wiley
  • Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. & Fitoussi, J.-P. 2010. Mismeasuring our lives: Why GDP doesn't add up, The New Press.
  • Topçu, F. H. 2012. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi: Müzakereden Uygulamaya. Special Issue on the Environment, 57.
  • Tütüncü, S. İ. & Şahin, N. 2012. Üretimde Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımı ve Devletin Konumu. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 4.
  • Van Der Sluijs, J. P. & Funtowıcz10, S. 2008. Sozialökologische Transformation bedingt neues Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik. Für eine neue Alternative, 63.
  • Yiğit, S. 2014. İnovasyonun Çevreci Yüzü ve Türkiye. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 251-265.
  • Ateş, S. A. 2014. Development Planning in Twenty-First Century: The Case
  • of Green Growth Strategy in South Korea. Economic Planning and
  • Industrial Policy in the Globalizing Economy. Springer 2014
  • Hong, J. H. 2011. Green Growth Strategy of Korea Past and Future. In: LEE, E. B. J. (ed.) Green Growth : Issue and Policies. Korea: Random House Korea.
  • Jung, T. & Ahn, J. Sowing the seeds for green growth in Korea. East Asia Forum, 2010.
  • Rockström, J., Sachs, J. D., Öhman, M. C. & Schmidt-Traub, G. 2013. Sustainable Development and Planetary Boundaries. Sustainable Development Solutions Network Report for the UN High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 45.
  • Won-Dong, C. 2009. Green Growth National Strategy and Five Year Plan. presentation to the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris, 9 September 2009.
  • Choi, S. D. 2012. The Green Growth Movement in the Republic of Korea: Option or Necessity. Sustainable Development Network of The World Bank
  • Institute, G. G. G. 2014. Green Growth in Practice: Lessons from Country Experiences.
  • Jones, R. S. & Yoo, B. 2011. Korea's Green Growth Strategy: Mitigating Climate Change and Developing New Growth Engines. OECD Publishing.
  • Kamal-Chaoui, L., Grazi, F., Joo, J. & Plouin, M. 2011. The Implementation of the Korean Green Growth Strategy in Urban Areas. OECD Publishing.
  • Lee, S.-C. 2013. A Tale of Two Greens: European Green Urbanism and Korea’s Green Growth.
  • OECD 2011. Green Growth Studies Towards Green Growth.
  • OECD 2012. Green Growth: A summary for policy makers. OECD.
  • PCGG 2009. Five Year Green Growth Action Plan. The Presidential Committee on Green Growth.
  • UNEP 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, Geneva.
  • California, S. O. S. E. A. T. U. O. 2014. What is Social Ecology? Available: http://socialecology.uci.edu/core/what-social-ecology [ 16.12.2014].
  • Commission, E. 2011. Roadmap to Resource Efficient Europe. Available
  • http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/pdf/com2011_571.pdf [22.12.2014

Turkey in the Face of Socio-ecological Transformation: Green Growth as an Option

Year 2015, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 69 - 94, 01.10.2015

Abstract

Given the increase in consumption and population, acceleration in industrialization, along with the growing need for raw materials to meet the rising and differentiating human needs; world’s limited resources seems to be not enough to meet those needs in the near future in a sustainable manner. This challenge underlines the need for the profound transformation in current social and economic regime, and socioecological transformation consequently. In the light of these developments, the article asserts that existing developments make it mandatory for governments, including Turkey, to address the socio-ecological transformation by introducing appropriate strategies and tools. In this context, one of the main debates recently in the international science community was the need for an up-to-date development concept which covers environmental and human factors along with the financial growth. As a result of abovementioned discussion, concept of Green Growth has emerged with an aim to cope with the risks emerged after socio-ecological transformation and ensure the sustainable development while respecting environmental limits. With the help of multi-perspective analysis, the paper examines firstly the necessity and potential of green growth strategy for Turkey, and continue with the issues of application process of Green Growth strategy, analysis of proven examples from other developing countries, understanding the possible added-value of introduction of Green Growth policies in terms of economic and social progress. According to our analysis, introduction of a green growth strategy in Turkey encompasses various benefits including improvement in resource efficiency, meeting the requirements of international treaties and environmental limitations, creating new businesses and job opportunities, developments of new products and markets, introducing new solutions to social and environmental stresses, improving the country image, and offering new instruments to improve the human development and well-being. However, proven experiences highlight that implementation of green growth policies necessitates a comprehensive and long term commitment, and most importantly, a profound mindset transformation towards development including well-being and sustainability

References

  • Barnett, H. J. & Morse, C. 2013. Scarcity and growth: The economics of natural resource availability, Routledge.
  • Becker, E. & Jahn, T. 2006. Soziale Ökologie: Grundzüge einer Wissenschaft von den gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnissen, Campus Verlag.
  • Ekins, P. 2002. Economic growth and environmental sustainability: the prospects for green growth, Routledge.
  • Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R., Masson- Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., Raymo, M., Royer, D. L. & Zachos, J. C. 2008. Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? ArXiv Reprint:0804.1126.
  • Endres, A. & Radke, V. 2012. Economics for Environmental Studies: A Strategic Guide to Micro-and Macroeconomics, Springer.
  • Latouche, S. 2009. Farewell to growth, Polity.
  • Koopmans, T. C. 1969. Objectives, constraints, and outcomes in optimal growth models, Springer.
  • Lambin, J.-J. 2014. Rethinking the Market Economy: New Challenges, New Ideas, New Opportunities, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Malthus, T. R. 1966. First essay on population, 1798, Macmillan.
  • Meadows, D. H., Goldsmith, E. I. & Meadow, P. 1972. The limits to growth, Earth Island Limited London.
  • Shumacher, E. F. 1967. Small is beautiful. MIT University Publication.
  • Yülek, M. 1998. Asya Kaplanları: Sanayi Politikaları ve Kalkınma (Asian Tigers: Industrialization Policies and Development). Istanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Bansal, P. & Bogner, W. C. 2002. Deciding on ISO 14001: economics, institutions, and context. Long Range Planning, 35, 269-290.
  • Bartelmus, P. 2014. What's Beyond GDP? Dimesions, 4, 8-13.
  • Cobb, C., Halstead, T. & Rowe, J. 1995. If the GDP is up, why is America down? Atlantic-Boston-, 276, 59-79.
  • Costanza, R., Erickson, J., Fligger, K., Adams, A., Adams, C., Altschuler, B., Balter, S., Fisher, B., Hike, J. & Kelly, J. 2004. Estimates of the genuine progress indicator (GPI) for Vermont, Chittenden County and Burlington, from 1950 to 2000. Ecological Economics, 51, 139- 155.
  • Dasgupta, P. 2008. Nature in economics. Environmental and Resource Economics, 39, 1-7.
  • Dasgupta, P. 2014. Measuring the Wealth of Nations. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 6, 17-31.
  • Distaso, A. 2007. Well-being and/or quality of life in EU countries through a multidimensional index of sustainability. Ecological Economics, 64, 163-180.
  • Dobson, A. 2007. Environmental citizenship: towards sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 15, 276-285.
  • Duraiappah, A. 2014. Editorial. Dimesions, 4, 2-3.
  • Karagöz, A. 1998. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7.
  • Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W. & Costa-Roberts, J. 2011. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333, 616-620.
  • Luks, F., Siebenhüner, B., Felbinger, D., Lux, A., Beschorner, T. & Wendorf, G. 2007. Sozial-ökologische Transformation der Ökonomik–Probleme, Potentiale und Perspektiven. Gaia, 16, 115- 121.
  • Mamedov, N. 1996. Toplum ve Doğanın Karşılıklı Etkileşimi: Sosyal Ekoloji. Çevre Dergisi, Ekim–Kasım–Aralık.
  • Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapın, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C. & Schellnhuber, H. J. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472-475.
  • Rogelj, J., Hare, W., Lowe, J., Van Vuuren, D. P., Riahi, K., Matthews, B., Hanaoka, T., Jıang, K. & Meınshausen, M. 2011. Emission pathways consistent with a 2 [thinsp][deg] C global temperature limit. Nature Climate Change, 1, 413-418.
  • Scrieciu, S., Rezai, A. & Mechler, R. 2013. On the economic foundations of green growth discourses: the case of climate change mitigation and macroeconomic Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 2, 251-268. in economic modeling. Wiley
  • Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. & Fitoussi, J.-P. 2010. Mismeasuring our lives: Why GDP doesn't add up, The New Press.
  • Topçu, F. H. 2012. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi: Müzakereden Uygulamaya. Special Issue on the Environment, 57.
  • Tütüncü, S. İ. & Şahin, N. 2012. Üretimde Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımı ve Devletin Konumu. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 4.
  • Van Der Sluijs, J. P. & Funtowıcz10, S. 2008. Sozialökologische Transformation bedingt neues Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik. Für eine neue Alternative, 63.
  • Yiğit, S. 2014. İnovasyonun Çevreci Yüzü ve Türkiye. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 251-265.
  • Ateş, S. A. 2014. Development Planning in Twenty-First Century: The Case
  • of Green Growth Strategy in South Korea. Economic Planning and
  • Industrial Policy in the Globalizing Economy. Springer 2014
  • Hong, J. H. 2011. Green Growth Strategy of Korea Past and Future. In: LEE, E. B. J. (ed.) Green Growth : Issue and Policies. Korea: Random House Korea.
  • Jung, T. & Ahn, J. Sowing the seeds for green growth in Korea. East Asia Forum, 2010.
  • Rockström, J., Sachs, J. D., Öhman, M. C. & Schmidt-Traub, G. 2013. Sustainable Development and Planetary Boundaries. Sustainable Development Solutions Network Report for the UN High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 45.
  • Won-Dong, C. 2009. Green Growth National Strategy and Five Year Plan. presentation to the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris, 9 September 2009.
  • Choi, S. D. 2012. The Green Growth Movement in the Republic of Korea: Option or Necessity. Sustainable Development Network of The World Bank
  • Institute, G. G. G. 2014. Green Growth in Practice: Lessons from Country Experiences.
  • Jones, R. S. & Yoo, B. 2011. Korea's Green Growth Strategy: Mitigating Climate Change and Developing New Growth Engines. OECD Publishing.
  • Kamal-Chaoui, L., Grazi, F., Joo, J. & Plouin, M. 2011. The Implementation of the Korean Green Growth Strategy in Urban Areas. OECD Publishing.
  • Lee, S.-C. 2013. A Tale of Two Greens: European Green Urbanism and Korea’s Green Growth.
  • OECD 2011. Green Growth Studies Towards Green Growth.
  • OECD 2012. Green Growth: A summary for policy makers. OECD.
  • PCGG 2009. Five Year Green Growth Action Plan. The Presidential Committee on Green Growth.
  • UNEP 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, Geneva.
  • California, S. O. S. E. A. T. U. O. 2014. What is Social Ecology? Available: http://socialecology.uci.edu/core/what-social-ecology [ 16.12.2014].
  • Commission, E. 2011. Roadmap to Resource Efficient Europe. Available
  • http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/pdf/com2011_571.pdf [22.12.2014
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Seyithan Ahmet Ateş This is me

Muradiye Ateş This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

ISNAD Ateş, Seyithan Ahmet - Ateş, Muradiye. “Sosyo-Ekolojik Dönüşüm Karşısında Türkiye: Bir Alternatif Olarak Yeşil Büyüme”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 3/4 (October 2015), 69-94.