Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Asgari Ücretin Ücretler ve İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 57 - 72, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1788925

Öz

Asgari ücret seviyeleri ve etkileri üzerine yapılan tartışmalar
onlarca yıldır devam etmektedir. Ancak, bu alandaki
çalışmaların çoğu gelişmiş ülkelerde yürütülmüştür. Bu
makalede ise, öncelikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde asgari ücret
artışının ücretler ve istihdam üzerindeki etkileri incelemiştir.
Özellikle istihdam ve asgari ücret arasındaki eşzamanlılık
sorunu, olası değişken eksikliği gibi sayısal zorluklar,
gelişmekte olan ülkelerin farklı işgücü piyasası yapıları
ve kurumları dikkate alınarak tartışılmaktadır. Özellikle,
kayıt dışı sektörün büyüklüğü, asgari ücretlerin bağlayıcılık
derecesi, uygulama düzeyi ve etkilenen çalışanların
savunmasızlığı gibi faktörler göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır.
Çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ilk sıralarında yer alan;
Çin, Hindistan, Brezilya, Rusya, Türkiye ve Güney Afrika
Üzerinde durulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara bakıldığında,
asgari ücretin hem resmi hem de kayıt dışı sektörlerde
pozitif ücret etkilere sahip olduğuna dair önemli bulgulara
ulaşılmıştır. Kayıtlı sektörde istihdam üzerindeki olumsuz
etkiler genellikle sınırlı olup, kayıt dışı sektörde ise neredeyse
hiç görülmemektedir. Ancak, asgari ücretlerin bağlayıcı
ve etkin bir şekilde uygulandığı durumlarda, savunmasız
çalışanlara yönelik olarak, belirgin ve olumlu ücret etkilerinin
yanı sıra güçlü istihdam kayıplarına yol açtığı görülmektedir.
Bu da gelişmekte olan ülkelerde asgari ücretlerin daha yüksek
ücretler ve daha düşük istihdam arasında klasik bir denge
oluşturduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akgeyik, T. ve Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret, Milli Gelir ve İşsizlik İlişkisi (Ekonometrik Bir Analiz). 2006. 49.
  • Amadeo, E.J. and Camargo, J.M. (1997). Brazil: Regulation and Flexibility in the Labor Market. In: Edwards S, Lustig NC (ed) Labor Markets in Latin America: Combining Social Protection with Market Flexibility. Brookings Institution Press. Washington D.C. 201-234.
  • Andalon, M. and Pages, C. (2009). Minimum Wages in Kenya. In: Kanbur R, Svegnar J (ed) Labour Markets and Economic Development, Routledge, Abingdon. 236-268.
  • Aydın, F. (2014). Türkiye Tarafından Onaylanan ILO Sözleşmeleri. Ankara: Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı.[https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/1332/tuerkiye-taraf%C4%B1ndanonaylanan-ilosoezle% C5%9Fmeleri.pdf.] (Erişim: 15 Şubat 2024).
  • Belman, D. and Wolfson, P. (2015). What Does the Minimum Wage do in Developing Countries? A Review of Studies and Methodologies. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/2015/489328.pdf. ]. ( Erişim: 22 Aralık 2024). 1-39.
  • Belser, P. and Rani, U. (2015). Minimum Wages and Inequality. In: Berg J (ed) Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. 123-146.
  • Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Mayet, N. (2012). Minimum Wage Violation in South Africa. International Labour Review. 151(3). 277-87.
  • Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2014). Estimating the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment, Wages and Non Wage Benefits: The Case of Agriculture in South Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 96(5). 1402-1419.
  • Boal, W. M. and Ransom, M.R. Journal of Economic Literature. 35(1). 86-112.
  • Boeri, T., Garibaldi, P. and Ribeiro, M. (2011). The Lighthouse Effect and Beyond. The Review of Income and Wealth. 57(1). 54-78.
  • Broecke, S., Forti, A. and Vandeweyer M. (2017). The Effect of Minimum Wages on Employment in Emerging Economies: A Survey and Meta-Analysis. Oxford Development Studies. 45(3). 366-391.
  • Brown, C. (1999). Minimum Wages, Employment and the Distribution of Income. In: Card D, Ashenfelter O (ed) Handbook of Labor Economics. Elsevier. North Holland. 2101-2163.
  • Cooke, F.L. (2005). HRM, Work and Employment in China. Routledge: London. 1-248.
  • Dağlıoğlu, S. ve Bakır, M. A. (2011). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretin İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisinin Sektörel Panel Regresyon Modelleri ile İncelenmesi. Sosyal Güvence Dergisi. 8. 35-68.
  • Dinkelman, T. and Ranchhod, V. (2012). Evidence on the Impact of Minimum Wage Laws in an Informal Sector: Domestic Workers in South Africa. Journal of Development Economics. 99(1). 27-45.
  • Fang ,T. and Lin, C. (2015). Minimum Wages and Employment in China. IZA Journal of Labor Policy. 4(1). 1-30.
  • Fang, T., Gunderson, M. and Lin, C. (2021). The Impact of Minimum Wages on Wages, Wage Spillovers and Employment in China: Evidence from Longitidinual Individual-Level Data. Rewiev of Development Economics. (25)2. 854-877.
  • Gindling, T. H. and Terrell, K. (2007). The Effects of Multiple Minimum Wages Throughout the Labor Market: The Case of Costa Rica. Labour Economics. Elsevier. 14(3). 485-511.
  • Gudibande, R. R and Jacob, A. (2020). Minimum Wages for Domestic Workers: Impact Evaluation of the Indian Experience. World Development. 2020. 104-943.
  • Güneş, Ş. (2007). Minimum Wage and Average Wage Relationship in Turkey: A Cointegrationand Error Correction Analysis. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 13. 185-199.
  • Güven, A., Mollavelioğlu, Ş. ve Dalgıç, B. Ç. (2009). Asgari Ücret İstihdamı Arttırır mı? (1969–2008 ) Türkiye Örneği. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi. 38(2). 147-166.
  • ILO (2002). Resolution Concerning Decent Work and the Informal Economy. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/asia/info/WCMS_098314/lang--en/index.htm.].( Erişim: 20 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2018). Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Brief. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf.]. (Erişim: 13 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2019). Development Centre Studies Tackling Vulnerability in the Informal Economy. OECD-ILO 2019. 1-150. (Erişim: 12 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2020). Global Wage Report 2020-21: Wages and Minimum Wages in the Time of COVID-19. International Labour Organization.[ https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_762534/lang--en/index.htm.] (Erişim: 24 Ocak 2025).
  • Kapelyuk, S. (2015). The Effect of Minimum Wage of Poverty: Evidence From RLMS-HSE Data. Economics of Transition. 23(2). 389-423.
  • Kargı, B. (2013). Ücret Yapışkanlığı Hipotezi’nin Test Edilmesi: Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret ve Büyüme Üzerine Zaman Serileri Analizi 2005-2012. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2(37). 183 – 210.
  • Khamis, M. (2011). Does the Minimum Wage Have A Higher Impact on the Informal Than on the Formal Labour Market? Evidence From Quasi-Experiments. Applied Economics. 45(4). 477-495.
  • Korkmaz, A. ve Avsallı, H. (2012). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretin Hukuksal Yönü. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 4(2). 152-153. [https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423869093.pdf]. (Erişim : 14 Şubat 2024).
  • Korkmaz, A. ve Çoban, O. (2006). Emek Piyasasında Asgari Ücret, İşsizlik ve Enflasyon Arasındaki İlişkilerin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi, Türkiye Örneği 1969-2006. Maliye Dergisi. 151. 16-22.
  • Lemos, S. (2009). Minimum Wage Effects in a Developing Country. Labour Economics.16(2). 224-237.
  • Lemos, S., Rigobon, R. and Lang, K. (2004). Minimum Wage Policy and Employment Effects: Evidence From Brazil. Economía. 5(1). 219-266. [ https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065471]. (Erişim: 14 Aralık 2014).
  • Lukiyanova, A. (2011). Effects of Minimum Wages on the Russian Wage Distribution. Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP 09/EC/2011.
  • Maloney, W. (1999). Does Informality Imply Segmentation in Urban Labor Markets? Evidence from Sectoral Transitions in Mexico. The World Bank Economic Review. 13(2). 275-302.
  • Maloney, W. (2004). Informality Revisited,.World Development. 32(7). 1159-1178.
  • Mansoor, K. and O’Neilli D. (2020). Minimum Wage Compliance and Household Welfare: An Analysis of Over 1500 Minimum Wages in India. World Development. 147. 105-653.
  • Medina, L. and Schneider, F. (2019). Shedding Light on the Shadow Economy: A Global Database and the Interaction with the Official One. Cesifo Working Paper No. 7981. 1-52.
  • Munguia, Luis F (2019). Minimum Wages and Enforcement Effects on Employment in Developing Countries, SSRN. 25 August 2019. 1-33. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3442352.]. (Erişim: 25 Aralık 2024).
  • Muravyev, A. and Oshchepkov, A. (2016). The Effect of Doubling the Minimum Wage on Employment: Evidence from Russia. IZA Journal of Labor & Development. 5(1). 1-20.
  • Neumark, D. and Corella, M. (2021). Do Minimum Wages Reduce Employment in Developing Countries? A Survey and Exploration of Conflicting Evidence. World Development. 137:105-165.
  • Neumark, D., Cunningham, W. and Siga, L. (2003). The Distributional Effects of Minimum Wages in Brazil: 1996-2001. Public Policy Institute of California Working Paper No. 2003.23.[ https://ssrn.com/abstract=448983].
  • Neumark, D., Cunningham, W. and Siga, L. (2006). The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001. Journal of Development Economics. 80(1). 136.
  • Rani, U., Belser, P., Oelz, M. and Ranjbar, S. (2013). Minimum Wage Coverage and Compliance in Developing Countries. International Labour Review. 152(3-4). 381-410.
  • Soundararajan, V. (2019). Heterogeneous Effects of Imperfectly Enforced Minimum Wages İn Low-Wage Labor Markets. Journal of Development Economics. 140. 355-374.
  • Terrell, K. and Almeida, R..K. (2008). Minimum Wages in Developing Countries: Helping or Hurting Workers? World Bank. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11742.].(Erişim: 12 Aralık 2024).
  • Wang, J. and Gunderson, M. (2011). Minimum Wage Impacts in China: Estimates From A Prespecified Research Design, 2000- 2007. Contemporary Economic Policy. 29(3). 392-406.
  • Yolvermez, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret Sorunlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2020/4. 2441-2462.
  • Zhang, J. and Deng, J. (2005). On Minimum Wage System of Peasant Laborers. Journal of Beijing Agricultural Vocation College.19. 46-49.

The Impact of Minimum Wage on Wages and Employment in Developing Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 57 - 72, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1788925

Öz

Discussions on minimum wage levels and their effects
have been ongoing for decades. However, most of the
studies in this field have been conducted in developed
countries. This article, by contrast, primarily examines
the impact of minimum wage increases on wages
and employment in developing countries. Numerical
challenges such as the simultaneity between employment
and minimum wage, and potential omitted variable bias,
are discussed with consideration of the distinct labor
market structures and institutions found in developing
economies. Particular attention is given to factors such
as the size of the informal sector, the degree to which
minimum wages are binding, the level of enforcement,
and the vulnerability of affected workers. The study
focuses on leading developing countries, namely China,
India, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, and South Africa. The
findings reveal significant evidence that minimum wages
have positive effects on wages in both the formal and
informal sectors. Negative impacts on employment in
the formal sector are generally limited, while they are
almost non-existent in the informal sector. However, in
cases where minimum wages are binding and effectively
enforced, there are notable positive wage effects
for vulnerable workers, accompanied by significant
employment losses. This suggests that in developing
countries, minimum wages create a classic trade-off
between higher wages and lower employment.

Kaynakça

  • Akgeyik, T. ve Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret, Milli Gelir ve İşsizlik İlişkisi (Ekonometrik Bir Analiz). 2006. 49.
  • Amadeo, E.J. and Camargo, J.M. (1997). Brazil: Regulation and Flexibility in the Labor Market. In: Edwards S, Lustig NC (ed) Labor Markets in Latin America: Combining Social Protection with Market Flexibility. Brookings Institution Press. Washington D.C. 201-234.
  • Andalon, M. and Pages, C. (2009). Minimum Wages in Kenya. In: Kanbur R, Svegnar J (ed) Labour Markets and Economic Development, Routledge, Abingdon. 236-268.
  • Aydın, F. (2014). Türkiye Tarafından Onaylanan ILO Sözleşmeleri. Ankara: Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı.[https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/1332/tuerkiye-taraf%C4%B1ndanonaylanan-ilosoezle% C5%9Fmeleri.pdf.] (Erişim: 15 Şubat 2024).
  • Belman, D. and Wolfson, P. (2015). What Does the Minimum Wage do in Developing Countries? A Review of Studies and Methodologies. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/2015/489328.pdf. ]. ( Erişim: 22 Aralık 2024). 1-39.
  • Belser, P. and Rani, U. (2015). Minimum Wages and Inequality. In: Berg J (ed) Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. 123-146.
  • Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Mayet, N. (2012). Minimum Wage Violation in South Africa. International Labour Review. 151(3). 277-87.
  • Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2014). Estimating the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment, Wages and Non Wage Benefits: The Case of Agriculture in South Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 96(5). 1402-1419.
  • Boal, W. M. and Ransom, M.R. Journal of Economic Literature. 35(1). 86-112.
  • Boeri, T., Garibaldi, P. and Ribeiro, M. (2011). The Lighthouse Effect and Beyond. The Review of Income and Wealth. 57(1). 54-78.
  • Broecke, S., Forti, A. and Vandeweyer M. (2017). The Effect of Minimum Wages on Employment in Emerging Economies: A Survey and Meta-Analysis. Oxford Development Studies. 45(3). 366-391.
  • Brown, C. (1999). Minimum Wages, Employment and the Distribution of Income. In: Card D, Ashenfelter O (ed) Handbook of Labor Economics. Elsevier. North Holland. 2101-2163.
  • Cooke, F.L. (2005). HRM, Work and Employment in China. Routledge: London. 1-248.
  • Dağlıoğlu, S. ve Bakır, M. A. (2011). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretin İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisinin Sektörel Panel Regresyon Modelleri ile İncelenmesi. Sosyal Güvence Dergisi. 8. 35-68.
  • Dinkelman, T. and Ranchhod, V. (2012). Evidence on the Impact of Minimum Wage Laws in an Informal Sector: Domestic Workers in South Africa. Journal of Development Economics. 99(1). 27-45.
  • Fang ,T. and Lin, C. (2015). Minimum Wages and Employment in China. IZA Journal of Labor Policy. 4(1). 1-30.
  • Fang, T., Gunderson, M. and Lin, C. (2021). The Impact of Minimum Wages on Wages, Wage Spillovers and Employment in China: Evidence from Longitidinual Individual-Level Data. Rewiev of Development Economics. (25)2. 854-877.
  • Gindling, T. H. and Terrell, K. (2007). The Effects of Multiple Minimum Wages Throughout the Labor Market: The Case of Costa Rica. Labour Economics. Elsevier. 14(3). 485-511.
  • Gudibande, R. R and Jacob, A. (2020). Minimum Wages for Domestic Workers: Impact Evaluation of the Indian Experience. World Development. 2020. 104-943.
  • Güneş, Ş. (2007). Minimum Wage and Average Wage Relationship in Turkey: A Cointegrationand Error Correction Analysis. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 13. 185-199.
  • Güven, A., Mollavelioğlu, Ş. ve Dalgıç, B. Ç. (2009). Asgari Ücret İstihdamı Arttırır mı? (1969–2008 ) Türkiye Örneği. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi. 38(2). 147-166.
  • ILO (2002). Resolution Concerning Decent Work and the Informal Economy. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/asia/info/WCMS_098314/lang--en/index.htm.].( Erişim: 20 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2018). Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Brief. International Labour Organization. [https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf.]. (Erişim: 13 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2019). Development Centre Studies Tackling Vulnerability in the Informal Economy. OECD-ILO 2019. 1-150. (Erişim: 12 Aralık 2024).
  • ILO (2020). Global Wage Report 2020-21: Wages and Minimum Wages in the Time of COVID-19. International Labour Organization.[ https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_762534/lang--en/index.htm.] (Erişim: 24 Ocak 2025).
  • Kapelyuk, S. (2015). The Effect of Minimum Wage of Poverty: Evidence From RLMS-HSE Data. Economics of Transition. 23(2). 389-423.
  • Kargı, B. (2013). Ücret Yapışkanlığı Hipotezi’nin Test Edilmesi: Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret ve Büyüme Üzerine Zaman Serileri Analizi 2005-2012. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2(37). 183 – 210.
  • Khamis, M. (2011). Does the Minimum Wage Have A Higher Impact on the Informal Than on the Formal Labour Market? Evidence From Quasi-Experiments. Applied Economics. 45(4). 477-495.
  • Korkmaz, A. ve Avsallı, H. (2012). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretin Hukuksal Yönü. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 4(2). 152-153. [https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423869093.pdf]. (Erişim : 14 Şubat 2024).
  • Korkmaz, A. ve Çoban, O. (2006). Emek Piyasasında Asgari Ücret, İşsizlik ve Enflasyon Arasındaki İlişkilerin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi, Türkiye Örneği 1969-2006. Maliye Dergisi. 151. 16-22.
  • Lemos, S. (2009). Minimum Wage Effects in a Developing Country. Labour Economics.16(2). 224-237.
  • Lemos, S., Rigobon, R. and Lang, K. (2004). Minimum Wage Policy and Employment Effects: Evidence From Brazil. Economía. 5(1). 219-266. [ https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065471]. (Erişim: 14 Aralık 2014).
  • Lukiyanova, A. (2011). Effects of Minimum Wages on the Russian Wage Distribution. Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP 09/EC/2011.
  • Maloney, W. (1999). Does Informality Imply Segmentation in Urban Labor Markets? Evidence from Sectoral Transitions in Mexico. The World Bank Economic Review. 13(2). 275-302.
  • Maloney, W. (2004). Informality Revisited,.World Development. 32(7). 1159-1178.
  • Mansoor, K. and O’Neilli D. (2020). Minimum Wage Compliance and Household Welfare: An Analysis of Over 1500 Minimum Wages in India. World Development. 147. 105-653.
  • Medina, L. and Schneider, F. (2019). Shedding Light on the Shadow Economy: A Global Database and the Interaction with the Official One. Cesifo Working Paper No. 7981. 1-52.
  • Munguia, Luis F (2019). Minimum Wages and Enforcement Effects on Employment in Developing Countries, SSRN. 25 August 2019. 1-33. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3442352.]. (Erişim: 25 Aralık 2024).
  • Muravyev, A. and Oshchepkov, A. (2016). The Effect of Doubling the Minimum Wage on Employment: Evidence from Russia. IZA Journal of Labor & Development. 5(1). 1-20.
  • Neumark, D. and Corella, M. (2021). Do Minimum Wages Reduce Employment in Developing Countries? A Survey and Exploration of Conflicting Evidence. World Development. 137:105-165.
  • Neumark, D., Cunningham, W. and Siga, L. (2003). The Distributional Effects of Minimum Wages in Brazil: 1996-2001. Public Policy Institute of California Working Paper No. 2003.23.[ https://ssrn.com/abstract=448983].
  • Neumark, D., Cunningham, W. and Siga, L. (2006). The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001. Journal of Development Economics. 80(1). 136.
  • Rani, U., Belser, P., Oelz, M. and Ranjbar, S. (2013). Minimum Wage Coverage and Compliance in Developing Countries. International Labour Review. 152(3-4). 381-410.
  • Soundararajan, V. (2019). Heterogeneous Effects of Imperfectly Enforced Minimum Wages İn Low-Wage Labor Markets. Journal of Development Economics. 140. 355-374.
  • Terrell, K. and Almeida, R..K. (2008). Minimum Wages in Developing Countries: Helping or Hurting Workers? World Bank. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11742.].(Erişim: 12 Aralık 2024).
  • Wang, J. and Gunderson, M. (2011). Minimum Wage Impacts in China: Estimates From A Prespecified Research Design, 2000- 2007. Contemporary Economic Policy. 29(3). 392-406.
  • Yolvermez, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret Sorunlarına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2020/4. 2441-2462.
  • Zhang, J. and Deng, J. (2005). On Minimum Wage System of Peasant Laborers. Journal of Beijing Agricultural Vocation College.19. 46-49.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Güvenlik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sıddık Topaloğlu 0009-0006-9159-2890

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Topaloğlu, S. (2025). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Asgari Ücretin Ücretler ve İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 15(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1788925