Research Article
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The Necessity of the Formation of a Modern Marjaʿīiyah in Twelver Shia Marjaʿīiyah Institution

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 201 - 221, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1182027

Abstract

The institution of Marjaʿīiyah in Twelver Shia is considered the highest religious institution that has a long history. Despite the much research that has been done about this institution and even the necessity of its modernization, the concept of "modern Marjaʿīiyah" needs to be explained, especially from a juristic point of view. The jurisprudential explanation is necessary because of the jurisprudential nature of this institution. The present article tries to organize this matter. The achievement of the article is that, from the juristic perspective, the modernization of the Marjaʿīiyah requires a transformation in three areas: the jurisprudential approach of Marājiʿ, the way of issuing fatwá and social interaction with the audiences. In the first step, the article discusses the necessity of the transformation in the jurisprudential approach of Marājiʿ and based it on the necessity of compatibility between the products of Marājiʿ with the rational and scientific achievements of modernity. The second feature is the modern interaction model with society. In the case of issuing Fatwá, it includes an attachment of arguments to enable the imitator to compare various Fatwás. This model considers Marjaʿīiyah as a social institution that is devoid of special sanctity and holiness. Denying the special holiness means that Marjaʿ does not have unique holiness as a position of Marjaʿ in addition to the holiness that the possessors of knowledge and piety enjoy. The negation of special sanctity, if it is based on juristic arguments, opens the door for the modernization of this institution. The article concludes that the modern Marjaʿīiyah is completely different from the traditional Marjaʿīiyah and recommends further studies on the social necessities of this formation through field research.

Supporting Institution

Fahim Institute

Project Number

Modernization of Shia jurisprudence

References

  • Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. "Lebanese Shiʿites and the Marja'iyya : Polemic in the Late Twentieth Century." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36, no. 2 (2009): 215-39.
  • al-Āmidī, Sayf al-dīn. al-Īḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām. 4 vols. Vol. 2, Damascus: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1982.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Karakī. Jāmiʿ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qwāʿid. 13 vols. Vol. 2, Qum: Āl al-Bayt institute, 1994.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ḥurr. Tafṣīl al-Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah ilá Taḥṣīl al-Masāʾil al-Sharīʿah. 30 vols. Vol. 27, Qum: Āl-al-bayt Institute, 1988.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Dhikrá al-Shīʿah fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʿah. 4 vols. Vol. 3, Qum: Āl al-Bayt, 1999.
  • al-Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq, Muḥāḍirāt fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh, vols., 4, vol 1, Qum: The Foundation for the Revival of the Antiquities of Imam al-Khuʾī, 2001.
  • al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍá. al-Makāsib. 6 vols. Vol. 5, Qum: World Congress of Shiykh Anṣārī, 1995.
  • al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍá. Farāʾid al-Uṣūl. 3 vols. Vol. 1, Qum: Islamic Publishing Corporation 1995.
  • al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn Muṭahhar. Mabādiʾ al-Wuṣūl ilá ʿil al-Uṣūl. Qum: Al-Maṭbah al-ʿilmīyah, 1984.
  • al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyá. Mʿārij al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-bayt insitute, 1983.
  • al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs. al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. 3 vols. Vol. 3, Qum: Office of Islamic Publications affiliated with the Qum Seminary Teachers Association, 1990.
  • al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Rāzī. al-Fuṣūl fi al-Uṣūl. 4 vols. Vol. 2, Kuwait: Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf, 1994.
  • al-Jurjānī,ʿAbd al-Qāhir, al-Taʿrīfāt, Tehran: Nāsir Khusraw Publisher, 1992.
  • al-Kāẓimī, Javad ibn Sa‘d. Masālik al-Afhām ilá Āyāt al-Ahkām. 4 vols. Vol. 4, Tehran: Ahl al-Bayt (AS) Research and Publication Institute, 1987.
  • al-Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Tanqīḥ fī Sharḥ al-ʿurwah al-Wuthqá. 6 vols. Vol. 1, Qum: Imām al-Khuʾī Institute, 1993.
  • al-Kuliynī, Muhammad ibn Ya'qūb. al-Kāfī. 8 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Dār Al-kutub Al-islāmīyyah, 1986.
  • al-Murtaḍā, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn al-Sharīf. "Jawābāt al-Masāʾil al-Tabānīyāt." In Rasāʾil Al-Sharīf Al-Murtaḍā, edited by Sayyid Mahdī Rajāʾī. Qum: Dār al-Qur'an al-Karīm, 1985.
  • al-Murtaḍā, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf. al-Dharīʿah ilá Uṣūl al-Sharʿah 2 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Tehran University press, 1997.
  • al-Najafī, Muhammad Hasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. 43 vols. Vol. 7, Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth Al-ʿarabī, 1984.
  • al-Qumī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Babawayh. Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islamīyah, 1975.
  • al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Al-ʿuddah fī al-Uṣūl. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Qum: Sitarah Publisher, 1997.
  • al-Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-ʿUrwah al-Wuthqá fī-mā Taʿmmu bi-hi al-Balwá. 2 vols., Beirute: the institute al-Aʿlamī li al-Maṭbūʿāt, 1995.
  • Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Qurān Translated. Median: Dār al-Qurān, 1980.
  • Ann, K. S. Lambton. "A Reconsideration of the Position of the Marja' Al-Taqlīd and the Religious Institution." Studia Islamica, no. 20 (1964): 115-35.
  • Clarke, Morgan. "After the Ayatollah: Institutionalisation and Succession in the Marja'iyya of Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Alkah." Die Welt des Islams 56, no. 2 (2016): 153-86.
  • Chehabi, Houchang E, "Staging the Emperor's New Clothes: Dress Codes and Nation‐Building under Reza Shah." Iranian Studies 26, no. 3-4 (1993): 209-233.
  • Dawānī, ʿAlī, Iranian Clergies Movement. 11 vols., vol 1 (Tehran: Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, 2015). Di Carlo, Tina. "Postmodern Modernism." Log, no. 24 (2012): 81-85.
  • Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdillāh, Al-Shifāʾ: Natural Sciences, 3 vols., vol. 2, Qom: Mar‘ashi Library, 1984.
  • Gieling, Saskia. "The "Marja'iya" in Iran and the Nomination of Khamanei in December 1994." Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 4 (1997): 777-87.
  • Gurjī, Abū al-Qāsim. Adwār Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Tehran: Mīzān Publisher, 2006.
  • Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. New Research on Safavid Times. Qum: Adīyān Publications, 2005.
  • Kasrawī, Aḥmad, Constitutional History of Iran, Tehran: Nigāh publisher, 2018,
  • Kazemi, Ranin. "The Tobacco Protest in Nineteenth-Century Iran: the View from a Provincial Town." Journal of Persianate Studies 7, no. 2 (2014): 251-295.
  • Kumar, Dhavendra. "Engaging with Modernity: Need for a Critical Negotiation." Sociological Bulletin 57, no. 2 (2008): 240-54.
  • Lahouri, Muhammad Iqbal. Regenrating the Religious Thought in Islam. Translated by Ahmad Aram. Tehran, Iran: Regional Cultural Institute, 1967.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿah li-Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimmah al-Athār 110 vols. Vol. 2, Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ Turāth Al-ʿarabī, 1982.
  • Montazeri, Hussein-Ali. Pāsukh Bi Pursishhyī Pīrāmūni Mujāzāthāyi Islamī Wa Ḥqūqi Bashar (Answers to Questions About Islamic Punishments and Human Rights). Qum: Arghawān Dānish Publisher, 2008.
  • Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, Morteza Motahhari, Mehdi Bazargan, Mahmoud Taleghani, Morteza Jazayeri. Marjaʿīiyah and the Clergy. Tehran: Publishing Joint Stock Company, 1962.
  • Ṣadr, Sayyid Riḍā. al-Ijtihād wa al-Taqlīd. Qum: Publications of the Office of Islamic Propaganda of the Seminary of Qom, 2000.
  • Sandler, Irving. "Modernism, Revisionism, Pluralism, and Post-Modernism." Art Journal 40, no. 1/2 (1980): 345-47.
  • Sindawi, Khalid, "Awza Instruction and Its Role in Shaping Modern Shi ‘ite Identity: The Awza S of Al-Najaf and Qumm as a Case Study," Middle Eastern Studies 43, no. 6 (2007).
  • Sirageldin, Ismail, and Muhammad Anwar. "Islam, Society, and Economic Policy [with Comments]." The Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4 (1995): 457-80.
  • Soroush, Abdolkarim. "Fiqh Dar Trazū (Jurisprudence on the Scales)". Kiyan 2, no. 46 (2000): 14-21.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar.aAl-Īāhīyāt ʿalá Hudá Al-Kitāb wa Al-Sunnah. 4 vols. Vol 1. Qum: World Center for Islamic Sciences, 1992.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad. Mafātīḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt Institute, 2002.
  • Jawād Tabrīzī, Ṣirāṭ al-Nijāt, 7 vols, vol 3. Qum: Dār al-Ṣidīqah al-Shahīdah, 2006.
  • Taymūrī, Ibrāhim, Tobacco Boycott: The First Negative Resistance in Iran, (Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1980).
  • Tayob, Abdulkader. "Dialectical Theology in the Search for Modern Islam." In Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Léon Buskens and Annemarie van Sandwijk. Transformations and Continuities, 161-82: Amsterdam University Press, 2016.
  • Van Der Veer, Peter. "The Global History of "Modernity"." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 3 (1998): 285-94.
  • Yi, Junqing, and Lingmei Fan. "Dimensions of Modernity and Their Contemporary Fate." Frontiers of Philosophy in China 1, no. 1 (2006): 6-21.

İsnâaşeriyye Şiî Mercîlik Kurumunda Modern Bir Mercîliğin Teşekkülünün Gerekliliği

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 201 - 221, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1182027

Abstract

İsnâaşeriyye Şiîliğinde Merceiyyet kurumu, uzun bir geçmişe sahip en yüksek dini kurum olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu kurum hakkında yapılan çok sayıda araştırmaya ve hatta modernleşmesinin gerekliliğine rağmen, "modern Merceiyyet" kavramının özellikle fıkhî bir bakış açısıyla açıklanması gerekmektedir. Fıkhî açıklama, bu kurumun fıkhî niteliği nedeniyle gereklidir. Bu makale bu konuyu düzenlemeye çalışmaktadır. Makalenin ulaştığı sonuç, fıkhî açıdan bakıldığında Mercîliğin modernleşmesinin üç alanda bir dönüşümü gerektirdiğidir: Mercîliğin fıkhî yaklaşımı, fetva verme biçimi ve dinleyicilerle sosyal etkileşim. İlk adımda makale, Mercîlik fıkıh yaklaşımındaki dönüşümün gerekliliğini tartışmakta ve bunu Mercîliğin ürünleri ile modernitenin rasyonel ve bilimsel kazanımları arasındaki uyumun gerekliliğine dayandırmaktadır. İkinci özellik ise toplumla modern etkileşim modelidir. Fetva verme durumunda, taklitçinin çeşitli fetvaları karşılaştırmasını sağlamak için bir argümanlar ekini içerir. Bu model, Merceiyyet'i özel bir kutsallık ve kutsiyetten yoksun sosyal bir kurum olarak görmektedir. Özel kutsallığın inkârı, bilgi ve takva sahiplerinin sahip olduğu kutsallığa ek olarak, Mercîliğin konumu olarak eşsiz bir kutsallığa sahip olmadığı anlamına gelir. Özel kutsallığın yadsınması, eğer hukuksal argümanlara dayanıyorsa, bu kurumun modernleşmesine kapı açmaktadır. Makale, modern Merceiyyet'in geleneksel Merceiyyet'den tamamen farklı olduğu sonucuna varmakta ve saha araştırması yoluyla bu oluşumun toplumsal gereklilikleri üzerine daha fazla çalışma yapılmasını önermektedir.

Project Number

Modernization of Shia jurisprudence

References

  • Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. "Lebanese Shiʿites and the Marja'iyya : Polemic in the Late Twentieth Century." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36, no. 2 (2009): 215-39.
  • al-Āmidī, Sayf al-dīn. al-Īḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām. 4 vols. Vol. 2, Damascus: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1982.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Karakī. Jāmiʿ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qwāʿid. 13 vols. Vol. 2, Qum: Āl al-Bayt institute, 1994.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ḥurr. Tafṣīl al-Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah ilá Taḥṣīl al-Masāʾil al-Sharīʿah. 30 vols. Vol. 27, Qum: Āl-al-bayt Institute, 1988.
  • al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Dhikrá al-Shīʿah fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʿah. 4 vols. Vol. 3, Qum: Āl al-Bayt, 1999.
  • al-Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq, Muḥāḍirāt fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh, vols., 4, vol 1, Qum: The Foundation for the Revival of the Antiquities of Imam al-Khuʾī, 2001.
  • al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍá. al-Makāsib. 6 vols. Vol. 5, Qum: World Congress of Shiykh Anṣārī, 1995.
  • al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍá. Farāʾid al-Uṣūl. 3 vols. Vol. 1, Qum: Islamic Publishing Corporation 1995.
  • al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn Muṭahhar. Mabādiʾ al-Wuṣūl ilá ʿil al-Uṣūl. Qum: Al-Maṭbah al-ʿilmīyah, 1984.
  • al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Yaḥyá. Mʿārij al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-bayt insitute, 1983.
  • al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs. al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. 3 vols. Vol. 3, Qum: Office of Islamic Publications affiliated with the Qum Seminary Teachers Association, 1990.
  • al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Rāzī. al-Fuṣūl fi al-Uṣūl. 4 vols. Vol. 2, Kuwait: Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf, 1994.
  • al-Jurjānī,ʿAbd al-Qāhir, al-Taʿrīfāt, Tehran: Nāsir Khusraw Publisher, 1992.
  • al-Kāẓimī, Javad ibn Sa‘d. Masālik al-Afhām ilá Āyāt al-Ahkām. 4 vols. Vol. 4, Tehran: Ahl al-Bayt (AS) Research and Publication Institute, 1987.
  • al-Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Tanqīḥ fī Sharḥ al-ʿurwah al-Wuthqá. 6 vols. Vol. 1, Qum: Imām al-Khuʾī Institute, 1993.
  • al-Kuliynī, Muhammad ibn Ya'qūb. al-Kāfī. 8 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Dār Al-kutub Al-islāmīyyah, 1986.
  • al-Murtaḍā, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn al-Sharīf. "Jawābāt al-Masāʾil al-Tabānīyāt." In Rasāʾil Al-Sharīf Al-Murtaḍā, edited by Sayyid Mahdī Rajāʾī. Qum: Dār al-Qur'an al-Karīm, 1985.
  • al-Murtaḍā, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf. al-Dharīʿah ilá Uṣūl al-Sharʿah 2 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Tehran University press, 1997.
  • al-Najafī, Muhammad Hasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. 43 vols. Vol. 7, Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth Al-ʿarabī, 1984.
  • al-Qumī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Babawayh. Kamāl al-Dīn wa Tamām al-Niʿmah. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islamīyah, 1975.
  • al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Al-ʿuddah fī al-Uṣūl. 2 vols. Vol. 2, Qum: Sitarah Publisher, 1997.
  • al-Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-ʿUrwah al-Wuthqá fī-mā Taʿmmu bi-hi al-Balwá. 2 vols., Beirute: the institute al-Aʿlamī li al-Maṭbūʿāt, 1995.
  • Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Qurān Translated. Median: Dār al-Qurān, 1980.
  • Ann, K. S. Lambton. "A Reconsideration of the Position of the Marja' Al-Taqlīd and the Religious Institution." Studia Islamica, no. 20 (1964): 115-35.
  • Clarke, Morgan. "After the Ayatollah: Institutionalisation and Succession in the Marja'iyya of Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadl Alkah." Die Welt des Islams 56, no. 2 (2016): 153-86.
  • Chehabi, Houchang E, "Staging the Emperor's New Clothes: Dress Codes and Nation‐Building under Reza Shah." Iranian Studies 26, no. 3-4 (1993): 209-233.
  • Dawānī, ʿAlī, Iranian Clergies Movement. 11 vols., vol 1 (Tehran: Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, 2015). Di Carlo, Tina. "Postmodern Modernism." Log, no. 24 (2012): 81-85.
  • Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdillāh, Al-Shifāʾ: Natural Sciences, 3 vols., vol. 2, Qom: Mar‘ashi Library, 1984.
  • Gieling, Saskia. "The "Marja'iya" in Iran and the Nomination of Khamanei in December 1994." Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 4 (1997): 777-87.
  • Gurjī, Abū al-Qāsim. Adwār Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Tehran: Mīzān Publisher, 2006.
  • Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. New Research on Safavid Times. Qum: Adīyān Publications, 2005.
  • Kasrawī, Aḥmad, Constitutional History of Iran, Tehran: Nigāh publisher, 2018,
  • Kazemi, Ranin. "The Tobacco Protest in Nineteenth-Century Iran: the View from a Provincial Town." Journal of Persianate Studies 7, no. 2 (2014): 251-295.
  • Kumar, Dhavendra. "Engaging with Modernity: Need for a Critical Negotiation." Sociological Bulletin 57, no. 2 (2008): 240-54.
  • Lahouri, Muhammad Iqbal. Regenrating the Religious Thought in Islam. Translated by Ahmad Aram. Tehran, Iran: Regional Cultural Institute, 1967.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿah li-Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimmah al-Athār 110 vols. Vol. 2, Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ Turāth Al-ʿarabī, 1982.
  • Montazeri, Hussein-Ali. Pāsukh Bi Pursishhyī Pīrāmūni Mujāzāthāyi Islamī Wa Ḥqūqi Bashar (Answers to Questions About Islamic Punishments and Human Rights). Qum: Arghawān Dānish Publisher, 2008.
  • Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, Morteza Motahhari, Mehdi Bazargan, Mahmoud Taleghani, Morteza Jazayeri. Marjaʿīiyah and the Clergy. Tehran: Publishing Joint Stock Company, 1962.
  • Ṣadr, Sayyid Riḍā. al-Ijtihād wa al-Taqlīd. Qum: Publications of the Office of Islamic Propaganda of the Seminary of Qom, 2000.
  • Sandler, Irving. "Modernism, Revisionism, Pluralism, and Post-Modernism." Art Journal 40, no. 1/2 (1980): 345-47.
  • Sindawi, Khalid, "Awza Instruction and Its Role in Shaping Modern Shi ‘ite Identity: The Awza S of Al-Najaf and Qumm as a Case Study," Middle Eastern Studies 43, no. 6 (2007).
  • Sirageldin, Ismail, and Muhammad Anwar. "Islam, Society, and Economic Policy [with Comments]." The Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4 (1995): 457-80.
  • Soroush, Abdolkarim. "Fiqh Dar Trazū (Jurisprudence on the Scales)". Kiyan 2, no. 46 (2000): 14-21.
  • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar.aAl-Īāhīyāt ʿalá Hudá Al-Kitāb wa Al-Sunnah. 4 vols. Vol 1. Qum: World Center for Islamic Sciences, 1992.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad. Mafātīḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt Institute, 2002.
  • Jawād Tabrīzī, Ṣirāṭ al-Nijāt, 7 vols, vol 3. Qum: Dār al-Ṣidīqah al-Shahīdah, 2006.
  • Taymūrī, Ibrāhim, Tobacco Boycott: The First Negative Resistance in Iran, (Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1980).
  • Tayob, Abdulkader. "Dialectical Theology in the Search for Modern Islam." In Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Léon Buskens and Annemarie van Sandwijk. Transformations and Continuities, 161-82: Amsterdam University Press, 2016.
  • Van Der Veer, Peter. "The Global History of "Modernity"." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 3 (1998): 285-94.
  • Yi, Junqing, and Lingmei Fan. "Dimensions of Modernity and Their Contemporary Fate." Frontiers of Philosophy in China 1, no. 1 (2006): 6-21.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Javad Fakhkhar Toosi 0000-0002-4482-0663

Project Number Modernization of Shia jurisprudence
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date September 29, 2022
Acceptance Date November 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Fakhkhar Toosi, Javad. “The Necessity of the Formation of a Modern Marjaʿīiyah in Twelver Shia Marjaʿīiyah Institution”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 4/2 (December 2022), 201-221. https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1182027.