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Caferî İçtihadının İncelenmesi: Leonine Maddesinin Ortaklık ve Şirket Sözleşmelerine Dahil Edilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 6 - 45, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1468986

Abstract

Nispeten az araştırılmış bir konu olan Leonine maddesi, ortaklık ve şirket sözleşmeleri bağlamında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırma, Şii fakihler tarafından sunulan farklı bakış açılarına ışık tutarak bu maddeyi Caferî fıkhı merceğinden analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için bir dizi ön tartışma başlatılmıştır. İlk olarak Leonine maddesinin tanımlanması ve çeşitli hukuk sistemlerindeki hukuki statüsü üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra, sözleşmeye dayalı ortaklık kavramını, ortaklık sözleşmelerinin gerekliliklerini ve İslam hukukunda şartların sınıflandırılmasını, geçerli, geçersiz ve hükümsüz şartlar arasında ayrım yaparak araştırdık. Temel odak noktamız, Caferî içtihadıyla yorumlandığı şekliyle ortaklık sözleşmelerindeki Leonine maddesi etrafında dönüyordu. Şii fakihlerin bu özel şarta ilişkin ifade ettikleri karşıt görüşleri açıklığa kavuşturduk. Ayrıca, Leonine maddesinin çağdaş şirket sözleşmelerindeki yerini, geçerliliğini ve bu tür anlaşmalar üzerindeki sonuçsal etkisini göz önünde bulundurarak analiz ettik. Nihayetinde, hem erken dönem hem de çağdaş Şii fakihlerin bakış açılarından hareketle, Leonine maddesinin geçersizliğini ve şirket sözleşmeleri üzerindeki geçersiz kılıcı etkisini savunduk.

References

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  • Montazeri, Hussein-Ali, Al-ahkam al-Shar'iyyah (Qom: Tafakkor, 1413 AH).
  • Muḥaqqiq, al-Thānī (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī) al, Jāmiʿ al-maqāṣid fī sharḥ al-qawāʿid. Vol. 8 (Qom: Muassasah Aal al-Bayt alayhim al-salam li ihya' al-turath,1414 AH).
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Examining Ja'farī Jurisprudence: The Incorporation of the Leonine Clause in Partnership and Company Contracts

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 6 - 45, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1468986

Abstract

The Leonine clause, a topic relatively underexplored, holds substantial importance within the context of partnership and company contracts. This research aims to analyze this clause through the lens of Ja'farī jurisprudence, shedding light on the diverse perspectives presented by Shia jurists. To achieve this goal, a series of preliminary discussions were initiated. Initially, the discourse delved into defining the Leonine clause and its legal status across various jurisdictions. Subsequently, we explored the concept of contractual partnerships, the requirements of partnership contracts, and the classification of conditions in Islamic law, distinguishing between valid, invalid, and nullifying conditions. Our primary focus revolved around the Leonine clause within partnership contracts as interpreted through Ja'farī jurisprudence. We elucidated the contrasting viewpoints expressed by Shia jurists regarding this specific condition. Furthermore, we analyzed the placement of the Leonine clause in contemporary company contracts, considering its validity and consequential impact on such agreements. Ultimately, drawing from the perspectives of both early and contemporary Shia jurists, we argued for the invalidity of the Leonine clause and its nullifying effect on company contracts.

References

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  • Ansari, Al-Shaykh Murtada al, al-Makasib, Vol. 6 (7th ed., Qom: Majma’ al-fikr al-Islami, 1427 AH).
  • Ardebili, Sayyid Abdolkarim al-Mousavi al, Fiqh al-Sharikah (Qom: Dar al-Ilm al-Mufid, 1414 AH).
  • Baalbaki Munir & Baalbaki Rohi, Al- Mawrid Al-Waseet- Concise Dictionary (English-Arabic & Arabic-English) (Lebanon, Beirut: Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, 2007).
  • Damad Effendi, A. R., Majma 'al-Anhar fi Sharh Multaqi al-Abhar (Kh. Ayatehi & A. Kh. I. Al-Mansour). (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilimiyah, 1998).
  • Dewey, John, The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality, Yale Law Journal, Vol.XXXV, April, 1962, No.2.
  • Eskini, Rabia, Commercial Law, Trading Corporations, Vol. 1 (23rd edition, Tehran: Samat Publication, 2017).
  • Fāḍil Lankarānī, Muḥammad, Al-Ahkam al-al-Wadihah, (4th ed. Qom: Markaz fiqh al-a'imma al-athar, 2001 AD-1380 SH).
  • Faruqi, Harith Suleiman, Farouqi’s Law Dictionary (Arabic- English) (Lebanon, Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers, 2001).
  • Gharawī Isfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Hashiah Kitab al-makasib, Vol. 5 (Qom: Ilmiyyah press - Dar al mustafa li ihya al turath, 1418 AH).
  • Guillaume Grundeler. L’investissement (étude juridique), Droit. Aix-Marseille Université, 2014.
  • Hakim, Muhsin al, Mustamsak al-'urwa al-wuthqa, Vol. 12 (3rd ed., Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1391 AH).
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  • Hanafi, Al-Zayla’i, F. (1896). Tabyeen al-Haqa'eq Sharh Kanz al-Daqa'eq, Vol.3 (Cairo: Dar al-Kotob al-islamiyah).
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  • Hilli, Al-Muhaqqiq al, Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām, Vol. 2 (2nd ed., Tehran: Istiqlal, 1409 AH).
  • Ḥillī, Ibn Idrīs al (543-598 AH), al-Sara'ir al-Hawi li tahrir al-fatawi, Vol. 4 (Qom: maktaba al-rawda al-hamriyah, 1429AH).
  • Hussaini, Al-Sayyed mir fatah al, Al-anawin al-fiqhiyyah, Vol. 2, (2nd ed., Qom: Muassasah al-nashr al-Islamiyah al-ta'biah li jama’ah al-mudarriseen, 1417 AH).
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  • Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihayat al-Muqtasid, Vol. 4 (Cairo: Dar Al-Hadith, 2004).
  • Ibn Taymiyya, Qawa'id al-Nuraniyah al-Fiqhiyah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Riyadh: Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi Publications, 1433 AH).
  • Imami, Hassan, Civil Law, Vol. 2 (20th edition, Tehran: Islamiyah Publication, 2009).
  • Irawani, Muhaqqiq (Mirza Ali) al, Hashiyah al-Makasib, Vol. 3 (3rd ed., Qom: Zavel Qurba Publishing1431 AH).
  • Jauffret Alfred, Droit Commercial, (20ème édition, Paris : L.G.D.J, 1991).
  • Jawahiri, Muhammad al, Al-Wadih fī sharḥ al-'urwah al-wuthqá, Vol. 13 (Beirut: al-'Arif lil-Matbu 'at, 1440 AH).
  • Jean-Philippe Zanco, Lexique d'Économie et de Droit, (Paris : Ellipses Edition Marketing, S.A. 2018).
  • Jurjānī, Al-Sharīf al, Kitāb al-Taʿrīfāt (Beirut: Dar El Fikr Printers – Publishers – Distributors, 1425-1426 AH).
  • Karaki, Al-Muhaqqiq al, Jāmiʿ al-maqāṣid fī sharḥ al-qawāʿid, (Qom: Muassasah Aal al-Bayt alayhim al-salam li ihya' al-turath, Vol. 4, 1408 AH).
  • Katouzian, Nasser, Iranian Civil Law, General Principles of Contracts, A Comparative Study, Volume I (13th edition Tehran: Enteshar Publication Co., 2009).
  • Khansari, Shaykh Musa al-Najafi al, Mania al-Talib fi Sharhi al-Makasib, Vol. 3 (Qom: Muassasah al-nashr al-Islamiyah al-ta'biah li jama’ah al-mudarriseen, 1418 AH).
  • Khoie, Muhammad Taqi al, Almabani fi Sharh al-urwah al-Wuthqa, Vol. 1 (Iraq-Najaf: Ma'had al-Khoie, 1406 AH).
  • Khoie Abu al-Qasim al, Al-Tanqih Fi Sharh Al-Makasib, Vol.5 (Qom: Muassasah al-Khoei al-Islamiyah, 2009 – 1430 AH).
  • Khomeini, Ruhollah Mousavi, Kitab Al-Bai, Vol. 5 (4th ed., Qom: Muassasa-yi Ismailian,1400 AH).
  • Khomeini, Ruhollah Mousavi, Tahrir al-wasilah (Tehran: Muassasa Tanzim wa Nashr Aathar al-Imam al-Khomeini, 1421).
  • Lucas, F. Xavier, Théorie des bénéfices et des pertes - Clauses léonines, J.-Cl. Sociétés Traité, fasc. 15-30.
  • Madkur, Muhammad Salam, Al-Madkhal lil Fiqh al-Islami (Kuwait: Dar al-Kitab al-Hadith Publisher, 2nd edition, 1966).
  • Montazeri, Hussein-Ali, Al-ahkam al-Shar'iyyah (Qom: Tafakkor, 1413 AH).
  • Muḥaqqiq, al-Thānī (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī) al, Jāmiʿ al-maqāṣid fī sharḥ al-qawāʿid. Vol. 8 (Qom: Muassasah Aal al-Bayt alayhim al-salam li ihya' al-turath,1414 AH).
  • Najafi, Muhammad-Hasan al, Jawahir al-Kalam Fi Sharh Shara'i' al-Islam, Vol. 23 (7th ed., Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1984).
  • Naraqi, Molla Ahmad, ‘Awā’id al-ayyām fī bayān qawā‘id al-aḥkām, Vol. 1 (3rd edition Qom: Maktaba Basitati, 1408 AH).
  • Raḍwān, Abū Zayd, Commercial Companies in Comparative Egyptian Law (Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi). Rashti, Mirza Habibullah al, kitab al-'ijarah, (no publisher, no place, n.d.).
  • Ripert G. et Roblot R., Traité élémentaire de droit commercial (par M. GERMAIN), Tome 1, Vol. 2 (18e édition, Paris : L.G.D.J., 2002).
  • Rouhani, Muhammad Sadiq al, Fiqh al-Sadiq, Vol. 19 (3rd ed., Qom: Muassasa Dar al-kutub, 1414 AH).
  • Sabzawārī, Abd al-A‘lá al-Mūsawī, Muhadhdhib al-aḥkām fi bayān al-ḥalāl wa-al-ḥarām, fi fiqh al-Imamiyah, Vol. 18 (Qom: Dar al-tafsir, 1403).
  • Sabzawārī, Abd al-A‘lá al-Mūsawī, Muhadhdhib al-aḥkām fi bayān al-ḥalāl wa-al-ḥarām, fi fiqh al-Imamiyah, Vol. 20 (Qom: Dar al-tafsir, 1403).
  • Shahīd, al-Awwal Muḥammad b. Makkī al, Al-Durus al-shariyah fi fiqh al-Imamiyah, Vol. 2 (Qom: Muassasah al-nashr al-Islamiyah al-ta'biah li jama’ah al-mudarriseen, n.d.).
  • Shahīd, al-Awwal Muḥammad b. Makkī al, Qawā‘id wa-al-fawā’id, Vol. 1 (Qom: Kitabfrushi Mufid, 1400 AH).
  • Shahīd, al-Thānī al, Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya fī sharḥ al-lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya, Vol. 4 (Qom: Intisharat-e- Dawari, 1410 AH).
  • Sharīf, al-Murtaḍā al, al-Intiṣār (Qom: Muassasah al-nashr al-Islamiyah al-ta'biah li jama’ah al-mudarriseen,1415 AH).
  • Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī al (393-476 AH), Al-Muhadhdhab fi Fiqh al-Imam al-Shafi'i, Vol. 3 (Damascus & Beirut: Dar al-Qalam – Dar al-Shamiyah, 1996 (1417 AH)).
  • Sistani, Ali al-Husayni al, Minhāj al‑Ṣāliḥīn, Vol.2 (Qom: Maktab Ayatollah al-uzma Al-Sayyid Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani, 1415 AH).
  • Sotoudeh, Hassan, Commercial Law, Vol. 1 (30th edition, Tehran: Dadgostar Publication, 2012).
  • Tasuli, Maliki al, Al Bahjah fi Sharh al-Tuhfah, Vol. 2 (Algeria: Dar El Beïda: Dar Al-Rashad Al-Haditha,1991 (1412 AH)).
  • Yazdi, Mohammed Kazem Tabataba'i (1337-1247 AH), Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa, Vol. 5 (Qom: Daftar Intisharat-e-Islami, 1419 AH).
  • Yazdi, Mohammed Kazem Tabataba'i, Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa, with annotations by Nasir Makarem al-Shirazi, Vol. 2 (Qom: Madrasah Al-Imam 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 1428).
  • Zarqāʼ, Muṣṭafá Aḥmad, Al-madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʻāmm (Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, 2004). Zayn al-Din, Muhammad Amin, Kalima al-taqwa, Vol. 4 (2nd ed., Qom).
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Islamic Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Heshmatollah Samavati 0000-0003-0823-5122

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date April 16, 2024
Acceptance Date June 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Samavati, Heshmatollah. “Examining Ja’farī Jurisprudence: The Incorporation of the Leonine Clause in Partnership and Company Contracts”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 6/1 (June 2024), 6-45. https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1468986.