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An Example Of A Trans-sectarian Approach In The Diaspora Where Sunni And Shia Identities Are Blurred: The American "Make Space" Community

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 46 - 66, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1492348

Abstract

The history of Islam in America begins with Muslims brought as slaves from Africa in the 17th century. Influenced by the multilingual, multicultural, "diverse" structure of the new country to which they came, Muslims were unwilling to transfer their local debates, essentially based on the Sunni-Shia divide, to this region. Instead, they preferred to reinforce their belonging under the umbrella concept of "Muslim. They have developed the identity of "Muslim American," which expresses a single sense of belonging between preserving their local culture and "being American”. However, this identity has taken on a negative content due to events such as the September 11 attacks. This situation has forced Muslims to emphasize their integration into society, their "Americanness”. The transition from "Muslim American" which emphasizes their Muslim identity to "American Muslim" signifies a prioritization of their American identity. The goal of this transition has been to create young American Muslim communities that have been raised with both Western and Islamic perspectives. Make Space, based in Virginia, USA, was born out of such an ideal. Make Space is a community founded on the idea of a non-sectarian space where young Muslims who have grown up in America's "freedom" environment can come with their own sectarian, cultural, and identity differences. It is the reflection of America's "diverse" identity on a Muslim community. This diverse structure paved the way for Make Space to adopt an inclusive religious discourse that is not based on sectarian bigotry and is not exclusive, and to have a "moderate Islamist" identity. The aspects that distinguish Make Space from other Muslim-majority communities, and even give it its identity, stem from the fact that it implements activities that are a natural part of American life as the basic foundation of its curriculum. This article examines this community, Make Space, as an example of an "American Muslim" community.

Project Number

1059B192202209

References

  • Esposito, J. L. “Moderate Muslims: A Mainstream of Modernists, Islamists, Conservatives, and Traditionalists. , 22(3), 11–20.” American Journal of Islam and Society 22/3 (2005), 11-20.
  • Kambiz, GhaneaBassiri. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Lai, Tianjian - Batalova, Jeanne. “Immigrants from Iran in the United States”. Migration Policy Institute. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/iranian-immigrants-united-states-2021.
  • Michelle, Mehrtens. “What Does It Mean to Be American Muslim?” Simitsonian Forklife Festival. 21 Ağustos 2017. https://festival.si.edu/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-american-muslim
  • Montalvo, Julian - Batalova, Jeanne. “Afghan Immigrants in the United States”. Migration Policy Institute. 15 Şubat 2024. Erişim 12 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/afghan-immigrants-united-states-2022#:~:text=The%20Biden%20administration%20launched%20Operation,total%2046.2%20million%20U.S.%20immigrants.
  • Nader, H. Hakim vd. The Paradox of the Moderate Muslim Discourse: Subtyping Promotes Support for Anti-muslim Policies (21 Aralık 2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7779589/
  • Paul, Galloway. “Muslim-American or American Muslims? Here is Why It Matters”. MuslimMatters. 19 Nisan 2011. https://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/19/muslim-american-or-american-muslims-here-is-why-it-matters/
  • Seyyed Hossein Nasr. “Origins and Development of Islamic Studies in the U.S.: A Historical Overview of Trends and Institutions”. Observing the Observer - The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities. ed. Mumtaz Ahmad vd. 12-27. International Institute of Islamic Thought, ts.
  • “About MLD”, 13 Mayıs 2024. https://mason360.gmu.edu/mld/home/
  • “About MSA”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://mason360.gmu.edu/msa/about-us/
  • “Center DC - Who We Are”, 09 Mayıs 2024. https://centerdc.org/
  • “Center DC Events”, 01 Mayıs 2024. https://centerdc.churchcenter.com/registrations/events
  • “Enslaved and Muslim in Early America”. https://www.si.edu/sidedoor/ep-17-enslaved-and-muslim-early-america?utm_campaign=2404--eg--oa-oef--ad--google--search--cul--acq------gg-sidedoor----&utm_medium=cultivation&utm_source=oa-oef--ad--google--search&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3tCyBhDBARIsAEY0XNkpKieTMdX9QsXmnm13QlZ_O_c09XKy0UtCCKxI6t9YFheux4ELksIaAj21EALw_wcB
  • “Green Muslims - Living the Environmental Spirit of Islam”, 10 Mayıs 2024. https://www.greenmuslims.org/ Migration Policy Institute. “Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination”. Erişim 22 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination
  • “Islamic Circle of North America”, 14 Mayıs 2024. https://icna.org/about/
  • “imakespace”, 13 Mayıs 2024. https://www.instagram.com/p/C2aUAbPgQ8p/?igsh=MWg4eHphNDdmNmwybg== Four Estate. “Local Muslim Organization Makes Space For All”. 10 Şubat 2015. https://gmufourthestate.com/2015/02/10/local-muslim-organization-makes-space-for-all/
  • “Make Space Muslims”. Erişim 24 Mayıs 2024. https://www.google.com/search?q=Make+Space+Muslims&sca_esv=3297987aa0772086&rlz=1C1YTUH_trTR1026TR1027&sxsrf=ADLYWIII3BmqaGFQ2HgqgEPTinHiz00DKw%3A1716861291519&ei=azlVZuSoH4Ce5NoP5d-24AE&udm=&ved=0ahUKEwikiqPbnq-GAxUAD1kFHeWvDRwQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=Make+Space+Muslims&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEk1ha2UgU3BhY2UgTXVzbGltc0i8IVCQAljzHHABeAGQAQCYAX-gAbQJqgEDOS40uAEDyAEA-AEBmAINoAKhCsICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAggQABiABBjLAcICBhAAGBYYHsICCBAAGIAEGKIEwgIIEAAYFhgKGB7CAg4QLhiABBjHARjLARivAcICBBAjGCfCAhEQLhiABBjHARjLARiOBRivAcICCxAuGIAEGNQCGMsBwgIgEC4YgAQYxwEYywEYjgUYrwEYlwUY3AQY3gQY4ATYAQGYAwCIBgGQBgi6BgYIARABGBSSBwM0LjmgB-VS&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
  • “MakeSpace”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://www.instagram.com/imakespace/
  • “MakeSpace”. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2024. https://www.facebook.com/imakespace/
  • “Mustafa Center”. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2024. https://mustafacenter.org/
  • “Our Story”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://imakespace.com/our-story/
  • The First American Muslims. Pluralism Project Harward University. Harward University, 2020.
  • U.S. Muslims Concerns About Their Place In Society, But Continue to Believe in the American Dream. Pew Research Center, 26 Temmuz 2017.
  • Who Are American Muslims? Institute For Social Policy and Understanding, ts. www.ispu.org/poll

Diasporada Sünni ve Şii Kimliklerin Silikleştiği Mezheplerüstü Yaklaşıma Bir Örnek Olarak Amerikan “Make Space” Topluluğu

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 46 - 66, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1492348

Abstract

Amerika’da İslam’ın tarihi 17. yüzyılda Afrika’dan köle olarak getirilen Müslümanlarla başlamıştır. Müslümanlar geldikleri bu yeni ülkenin çok dilli, çok kültürlü “çoğulcu” yapısının etkisiyle temelde Sünni-Şii ayrışmasına dayanan yerel tartışmalarını bu coğrafyaya getirmek konusunda istekli olmamışlardır. Bunun yerine “Müslüman” çatı kavramı altında kendi aidiyetlerini pekiştirmeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Hem kendi yerel kültürlerini korumak hem de Amerikalı olmak arasında tek bir aidiyeti ifade eden “Muslim American” kimliğini geliştirmişlerdir. Ancak bu kimlik 11 Eylül saldırıları gibi nedenlerle süreç içerisinde negatif bir içeriğe sahip olmuştur. Bu durum da Müslümanları, topluma entegre oldukları yönlerini, “Amerikalı”lıklarını ön plana çıkarmak zorunda bırakmıştır. Müslümanlıklarını vurgulayan “Muslim American” kavramından “American Muslim” kavramına geçiş yaşanmaya başlamıştır. Bu geçişle birlikte hem Batılı hem de İslami perspektifle yetişmiş genç Amerikalı Müslüman topluluklar oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Amerika Virginia merkezli Make Space de böyle bir idealin sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Make Space, Amerika’nın “özgürlük” ortamında yetişen genç Müslümanların, kendi mezhepsel, kültürel ve kimliksel farklılıklarıyla gelebildikleri mezhepler üstü bir alan düşüncesiyle kurulmuş bir topluluktur. Amerika’nın “çoğulcu” kimliğinin bir Müslüman topluluğa yansımış halidir. Bu çoğulcu yapı Make Space’nin mezhebi taassuplara dayanmayan, dışlayıcı olmayan kapsayıcı bir din söylemini benimsemesine ve “ılımlı İslamcı” bir kimliğe sahip olmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Make Space’i çoğunluğu oluşturan diğer Müslüman topluluklardan farklılaştıran hatta kimliğini kazandıran yönleri ise Amerikan hayatının doğal parçası olan faaliyetleri kendi müfredatında temel esas olarak uygulamasından kaynaklanmıştır. Bu makalede de “American Muslim” bir topluluk örneği olan Make Space isimli bu topluluk incelenmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmamda akademik yazım ilkelerine riayet edilmiş olup hiç bir çıkar ilişkisi bulunmamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Tübitak "2219 Yurtdışı Araştırma Bursu"

Project Number

1059B192202209

Thanks

Tübitak’a projeme verdiği destekten ötürü teşekkürü borç bilirim.

References

  • Esposito, J. L. “Moderate Muslims: A Mainstream of Modernists, Islamists, Conservatives, and Traditionalists. , 22(3), 11–20.” American Journal of Islam and Society 22/3 (2005), 11-20.
  • Kambiz, GhaneaBassiri. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Lai, Tianjian - Batalova, Jeanne. “Immigrants from Iran in the United States”. Migration Policy Institute. Erişim 17 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/iranian-immigrants-united-states-2021.
  • Michelle, Mehrtens. “What Does It Mean to Be American Muslim?” Simitsonian Forklife Festival. 21 Ağustos 2017. https://festival.si.edu/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-american-muslim
  • Montalvo, Julian - Batalova, Jeanne. “Afghan Immigrants in the United States”. Migration Policy Institute. 15 Şubat 2024. Erişim 12 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/afghan-immigrants-united-states-2022#:~:text=The%20Biden%20administration%20launched%20Operation,total%2046.2%20million%20U.S.%20immigrants.
  • Nader, H. Hakim vd. The Paradox of the Moderate Muslim Discourse: Subtyping Promotes Support for Anti-muslim Policies (21 Aralık 2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7779589/
  • Paul, Galloway. “Muslim-American or American Muslims? Here is Why It Matters”. MuslimMatters. 19 Nisan 2011. https://muslimmatters.org/2011/04/19/muslim-american-or-american-muslims-here-is-why-it-matters/
  • Seyyed Hossein Nasr. “Origins and Development of Islamic Studies in the U.S.: A Historical Overview of Trends and Institutions”. Observing the Observer - The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities. ed. Mumtaz Ahmad vd. 12-27. International Institute of Islamic Thought, ts.
  • “About MLD”, 13 Mayıs 2024. https://mason360.gmu.edu/mld/home/
  • “About MSA”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://mason360.gmu.edu/msa/about-us/
  • “Center DC - Who We Are”, 09 Mayıs 2024. https://centerdc.org/
  • “Center DC Events”, 01 Mayıs 2024. https://centerdc.churchcenter.com/registrations/events
  • “Enslaved and Muslim in Early America”. https://www.si.edu/sidedoor/ep-17-enslaved-and-muslim-early-america?utm_campaign=2404--eg--oa-oef--ad--google--search--cul--acq------gg-sidedoor----&utm_medium=cultivation&utm_source=oa-oef--ad--google--search&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3tCyBhDBARIsAEY0XNkpKieTMdX9QsXmnm13QlZ_O_c09XKy0UtCCKxI6t9YFheux4ELksIaAj21EALw_wcB
  • “Green Muslims - Living the Environmental Spirit of Islam”, 10 Mayıs 2024. https://www.greenmuslims.org/ Migration Policy Institute. “Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination”. Erişim 22 Mayıs 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination
  • “Islamic Circle of North America”, 14 Mayıs 2024. https://icna.org/about/
  • “imakespace”, 13 Mayıs 2024. https://www.instagram.com/p/C2aUAbPgQ8p/?igsh=MWg4eHphNDdmNmwybg== Four Estate. “Local Muslim Organization Makes Space For All”. 10 Şubat 2015. https://gmufourthestate.com/2015/02/10/local-muslim-organization-makes-space-for-all/
  • “Make Space Muslims”. Erişim 24 Mayıs 2024. https://www.google.com/search?q=Make+Space+Muslims&sca_esv=3297987aa0772086&rlz=1C1YTUH_trTR1026TR1027&sxsrf=ADLYWIII3BmqaGFQ2HgqgEPTinHiz00DKw%3A1716861291519&ei=azlVZuSoH4Ce5NoP5d-24AE&udm=&ved=0ahUKEwikiqPbnq-GAxUAD1kFHeWvDRwQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=Make+Space+Muslims&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEk1ha2UgU3BhY2UgTXVzbGltc0i8IVCQAljzHHABeAGQAQCYAX-gAbQJqgEDOS40uAEDyAEA-AEBmAINoAKhCsICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAggQABiABBjLAcICBhAAGBYYHsICCBAAGIAEGKIEwgIIEAAYFhgKGB7CAg4QLhiABBjHARjLARivAcICBBAjGCfCAhEQLhiABBjHARjLARiOBRivAcICCxAuGIAEGNQCGMsBwgIgEC4YgAQYxwEYywEYjgUYrwEYlwUY3AQY3gQY4ATYAQGYAwCIBgGQBgi6BgYIARABGBSSBwM0LjmgB-VS&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
  • “MakeSpace”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://www.instagram.com/imakespace/
  • “MakeSpace”. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2024. https://www.facebook.com/imakespace/
  • “Mustafa Center”. Erişim 14 Mayıs 2024. https://mustafacenter.org/
  • “Our Story”. Erişim 13 Mayıs 2024. https://imakespace.com/our-story/
  • The First American Muslims. Pluralism Project Harward University. Harward University, 2020.
  • U.S. Muslims Concerns About Their Place In Society, But Continue to Believe in the American Dream. Pew Research Center, 26 Temmuz 2017.
  • Who Are American Muslims? Institute For Social Policy and Understanding, ts. www.ispu.org/poll
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Islamic Sects
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Halide Rumeysa Küçüköner 0000-0002-0141-8287

Project Number 1059B192202209
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date May 30, 2024
Acceptance Date June 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Küçüköner, Halide Rumeysa. “Diasporada Sünni Ve Şii Kimliklerin Silikleştiği Mezheplerüstü Yaklaşıma Bir Örnek Olarak Amerikan ‘Make Space’ Topluluğu”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 6/1 (June 2024), 46-66. https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.1492348.