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Journalists in Natural Disasters and Their Trauma Experiences

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 133 - 151, 30.12.2022

Abstract

The psychological health of journalists who cover violent and traumatizing events such as wars, natural disasters, fatal accidents, murders and harassment crimes has been a prominent topic in communication studies for the last two decades. With the development of journalism and trauma studies based on psychiatry and psychology research in North America in the nineties, there has been a growing awareness of the psychological effects of reporting violence on journalists, and the literature on journalists’ experiences of trauma has gradually expanded since then. Natural disasters stand out as one of the most common traumatic events that journalists are exposed to in studies that examine the traumatic stress levels of journalists, which are mostly conducted with large sample groups. In this direction, it is seen that studies focusing on natural disasters as an event that journalists are frequently exposed to and that has a high traumatic impact potential have been increasing year by year, albeit limited. This study examines international studies focusing on the trauma experiences of journalists covering natural disasters within the scope of journalism and trauma literature. In Turkey, academic studies on trauma journalism in terms of the problems experienced by journalists are limited to a few publications. Considering this gap in the literature, this study aims to take a closer look at the situation of journalists covering natural disasters through international academic studies and to develop recommendations for research that can be conducted in Turkey, where such disasters are frequently experienced. Literature review conducted upon the aim of the study reveals that specifically local journalists constitute a unique sample as both media people covering natural disasters and also victims of the disasters; and the significance of conducting qualitative and explanatory research focusing on this unique sample.

References

  • AFAD (2014). Afet ve acil durum yönetimi başkanlığı açıklamalı afet yönetimi terimleri sözlüğü. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu Erişim tarihi: 11.05. 2022.
  • AFAD (2020). Afet yönetimi kapsamında 2019 yılına bakış ve doğa kaynaklı olay istatistikleri https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Kurumsal-Raporlar/Afet_Istatistikleri_2020_web.pdf Erişim tarihi: 11.05. 2022.
  • American Psychological Association (APA). Posttraumatic stress disorder. Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/posttraumatic-stress-disorder; https://www.apa.org/topics/ptsd Erişim tarihi: 11.07.2022
  • Atalay, G. E. (2017). Şiddeti haber yapmak: Gazeteciler ve travma. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (28), 21-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruid/issue/34097/363638 Erişim tarihi: 16.05.2022.
  • Backholm, K. (2012). Work-related Crisis Exposure, Psychological trauma and PTSD in News Journalists. Åbo Akademi University. https://research.abo.fi/en/publications/work-related-crisis-exposure-psychological-trauma-and-ptsd-in-new Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022.
  • Backholm, K., ve Idås, T. (2020). In the aftermath of a massacre: Traumatization of journalists who cover severe crises. Media health. The personal in public stories. (ed.) I H. Hornmoen, B. K. Fonn, N. Hyde-Clarke, ve Y. B. Hågvar. 236-254. Norwey: Scandinavian University Press. https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215040844-2020-12 Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2005). Katrina'nın bilançosu ağırlaşıyor. 30 Ağustos. https://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/news/story/2005/08/050830_katrina.shtml Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022
  • BBC News Türkçe (2010). Şili’de 8.8. büyüklüğünde deprem. 27 Şubat. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2010/02/100227_chile_update Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2011). Fotoğraflarla: Yeni Zelanda’da Deprem. 26 Şubat. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/multimedya/2011/02/110222_gallery_new_zealand Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2013). Filipinler’de “süper tayfun” felaketi. 8 Kasım. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/11/131108_filipinler_tayfun Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2017). Harvey Kasırgası Teksas’ı vurmaya başladı. 26 Ağustos. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41041622 Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022.
  • Beam, R. A., ve Spratt, M. (2009). Managing Vulnerability: Job satisfaction, morale and journalists’ reactions to violence and trauma. Journalism Practice, 3(4), 421-438 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780902798653 Erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022.
  • Brayne, M. (2007). A Guide for journalists, editors and managers, Dart Trauma and Journalism Center, https://dartcenter.org/sites/default/files/DCE_JournoTraumaHandbook.pdf Erişim tarihi: 26.03.2022.
  • Çaplı, B. ve Taş, O. (2009). Kriz haberciliği. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik. Çaplı, B. Ve Tuncel, H. (Ed.). 237-250. Ankara: Fersa.
  • Çevik, A.C. (2019). Türkiye'de gazetecilik pratikleri ve dolaylı travma deneyimleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma. Mission and history. https://dartcenter.org/about/mission-history Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2022.
  • Dworznik-Hoak, G. (2020). Weathering the Storm: Occupational Stress in Journalists Who Covered Hurricane Harvey. Journalism Studies, 21 (1). 88 106. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1628659 Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022.
  • Feinstein A, Owen J, Blair N. (2002). A hazardous profession: war, journalists, and psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 159(9). 1570-1575 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1570 Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2022.
  • Flannery RB (2022). News journalists and postruamatic stress disorder: a review of literature, 2011-2020. Psychiatr Q. 93(1). 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09920-z Erişim tarihi: 14.08.2022.
  • Hürriyet.com.tr. (2004). Yüzyılın depremi. 26 Aralık https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/yuzyilin-depremi-284202 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022
  • MacDonald J, Hodgins G ve Saliba. A.J.(2017). Trauma exposure in journalists: A systematic literature review. Fusion Journal 11, 1-17. http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/011-dangerous-journalism/trauma-exposure-in-journalists-a-systematic-literature-review/ Erişim tarihi: 29.05. 2022.
  • Massé, M. H. (2011). Trauma journalism : on deadline in harm's way. Continuum International Pub. Group. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing
  • Newman, E., Shapiro, B., & Nelson, S. (2009). Journalism and media during disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. Norris (Eds.), Mental Health Consequences of Disaster (pp. 291-301).New York, NY: Cambridge Press.
  • Monteiro, S. d. D. T., ve Marques Pinto, A. (2017). Reporting daily and critical events: Journalists’ perceptions of coping and savouring strategies, and of organizational support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(3), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1296832 Erişim tarihi: 21.05. 2022.
  • Newman, E., Shapiro, B., ve Nelson, S. (2009). Journalism and media during disasters. Y. Neria, S. Galea ve F. Norris (Ed.). Mental Health Consequences of Disaster. 291-301.New York: Cambridge Press.
  • Osmann, J., Dvorkin, J., Inbar, Y., Page-Gould, E., ve Feinstein, A. (2021). The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: A mapping review. Media, War & Conflict, 14(4), 476–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219895998 Erişim tarihi: 29.03. 2022.
  • Peterson, C. (2008). International News Reporting. (Ed.) Donsbach, W. The International encyclopedia of communication, 2415-2420. MA: Blackwell Publishing Puente, S., Pellegrini, S ve Grassau, D. (2013).“Journalistic challenges in television coverage of disasters: Lessons from the february 27, 2010 Earthquake in Chile.” Communication & Society/ 26 (4). 103–125. https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36062 Erişim tarihi: 29.04. 2022.
  • Rakshit, R. (2009). Media and safe disaster coverage. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Report. https://www.unisdr.org/files/8642_ADPC.pdf Erişim tarihi: 16.05. 2022.
  • Scanlon, S. (2014). Quake aftermath: Christchurch journalists' collective trauma experience and the implications for their reporting, MEDIANZ. 14 (1). 83-95. https://quakestudies.canterbury.ac.nz/store/object/259964 Erişim tarihi: 10.06. 2022
  • Schudson, M. (2022). Gazetecilik Neden Önemli? G. Adaklı (Çev.) Ankara: Um:Ag.
  • Seely, N. (2019). Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering everyday trauma. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 40(2), 2312–2330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532919835612 Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2022.
  • Simpson, R. A., & Boggs, J. G. (1999). An Exploratory Study of Traumatic Stress among Newspaper Journalists. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 1(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/152263799900100102 Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2021
  • Simpson, R. ve Coté, W. (2006). Covering violence: a guide to ethical reporting about victims and trauma. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Smith, R., Newman, E., Drevo, S. ve Slaughter, A. (2019). Covering trauma: Impact on journalists. https://dartcenter.org/content/covering-trauma-impact-on-journalists Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2022.
  • Sin SS, Chan A, Huak CY. (2005). A pilot study of the impact of the Asian Tsunami on a group of Asian media workers. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 7(4). 299-305. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7379710_A_pilot_study_of_the_impact_of_the_Asian_Tsunami_on_a_group_of_Asian_media_workers Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022.
  • Tandoc, E. C., & Takahashi, B. (2018). Journalists are humans, too: A phenomenology of covering the strongest storm on earth. Journalism, 19 (7), 917–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657518 Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDR). Terminology-Online Glossary. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2022.
  • Usher, N. (2009). Recovery from dısaster: How journalists at the New Orleans Times-Picayune understand the role of a post-Katrina newspaper. Journalism Practice. 3 (2). 216-232 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681322 Erişim tarihi: 07.5.2022.
  • Weidmann, A., Fehm, L., ve Fydrich, T. (2007). Covering the tsunami disaster: Subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 24(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1168 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022.

Doğal Afetlerde Gazeteciler ve Travma Deneyimleri

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 133 - 151, 30.12.2022

Abstract

Savaşlar, doğal afetler, ölümlü kazalar, cinayetler, taciz suçları gibi şiddet içeren ve travmaya neden olan olayları haber yapan gazetecilerin psikolojik sağlığı son yirmi yıldır iletişim çalışmalarında öne çıkan konu başlıklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Doksanlı yıllarda Kuzey Amerika’da psikiyatri ve psikoloji araştırmaları temelinde gelişen gazetecilik ve travma çalışmalarıyla, şiddeti haberleştirmenin gazeteciler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerine dair artan bir farkındalık oluşmuş ve gazetecilerin travma deneyimlerini konu alan literatür o tarihten bu yana giderek genişlemiştir. Doğal afetler, gazetecilerin travmatik stres düzeylerinin incelendiği ve ağırlıkla geniş örneklem gruplarıyla gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalarda gazetecilerin en sık maruz kaldığı travmatik olaylardan biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda doğal afetleri gazetecilerin sık karşılaştığı ve travmatik etki potansiyeli yüksek bir olay olarak merkeze alan çalışmaların sınırlı da olsa yıldan yıla arttığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada gazetecilik ve travma literatürü kapsamında doğa kaynaklı afetleri haber yapan gazetecilerin travma deneyimlerine odaklanan uluslararası araştırmalar incelenmiştir. Türkiye’de travma haberciliğini gazetecilerin yaşadığı sorunlar açısından ele alan akademik çalışmalar birkaç yayınla sınırlıdır. Literatürdeki bu boşluk da gözetilerek tasarlanan çalışma, uluslararası akademik çalışmalar aracılığıyla doğal afetleri haberleştiren gazetecilerin durumuna yakından bakmayı ve bu tür afetlerin sık yaşandığı Türkiye’de yapılabilecek araştırmalar konusunda öneriler geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yapılan incelemede, doğal afetlerde özellikle yerel gazetecilerin aynı zamanda mağdur konumuyla özgün bir örneklem grubu oluşturduğu ve bu gruplarla yapılacak nitel ve keşifsel araştırmaların öneminin vurgulandığı görülmüştür.

References

  • AFAD (2014). Afet ve acil durum yönetimi başkanlığı açıklamalı afet yönetimi terimleri sözlüğü. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu Erişim tarihi: 11.05. 2022.
  • AFAD (2020). Afet yönetimi kapsamında 2019 yılına bakış ve doğa kaynaklı olay istatistikleri https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Kurumsal-Raporlar/Afet_Istatistikleri_2020_web.pdf Erişim tarihi: 11.05. 2022.
  • American Psychological Association (APA). Posttraumatic stress disorder. Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/posttraumatic-stress-disorder; https://www.apa.org/topics/ptsd Erişim tarihi: 11.07.2022
  • Atalay, G. E. (2017). Şiddeti haber yapmak: Gazeteciler ve travma. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (28), 21-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruid/issue/34097/363638 Erişim tarihi: 16.05.2022.
  • Backholm, K. (2012). Work-related Crisis Exposure, Psychological trauma and PTSD in News Journalists. Åbo Akademi University. https://research.abo.fi/en/publications/work-related-crisis-exposure-psychological-trauma-and-ptsd-in-new Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022.
  • Backholm, K., ve Idås, T. (2020). In the aftermath of a massacre: Traumatization of journalists who cover severe crises. Media health. The personal in public stories. (ed.) I H. Hornmoen, B. K. Fonn, N. Hyde-Clarke, ve Y. B. Hågvar. 236-254. Norwey: Scandinavian University Press. https://doi.org/10.18261/9788215040844-2020-12 Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2022
  • BBC News Türkçe. (2005). Katrina'nın bilançosu ağırlaşıyor. 30 Ağustos. https://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/news/story/2005/08/050830_katrina.shtml Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022
  • BBC News Türkçe (2010). Şili’de 8.8. büyüklüğünde deprem. 27 Şubat. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2010/02/100227_chile_update Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2011). Fotoğraflarla: Yeni Zelanda’da Deprem. 26 Şubat. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/multimedya/2011/02/110222_gallery_new_zealand Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2013). Filipinler’de “süper tayfun” felaketi. 8 Kasım. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/11/131108_filipinler_tayfun Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • BBC News Türkçe (2017). Harvey Kasırgası Teksas’ı vurmaya başladı. 26 Ağustos. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41041622 Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022.
  • Beam, R. A., ve Spratt, M. (2009). Managing Vulnerability: Job satisfaction, morale and journalists’ reactions to violence and trauma. Journalism Practice, 3(4), 421-438 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780902798653 Erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022.
  • Brayne, M. (2007). A Guide for journalists, editors and managers, Dart Trauma and Journalism Center, https://dartcenter.org/sites/default/files/DCE_JournoTraumaHandbook.pdf Erişim tarihi: 26.03.2022.
  • Çaplı, B. ve Taş, O. (2009). Kriz haberciliği. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik. Çaplı, B. Ve Tuncel, H. (Ed.). 237-250. Ankara: Fersa.
  • Çevik, A.C. (2019). Türkiye'de gazetecilik pratikleri ve dolaylı travma deneyimleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma. Mission and history. https://dartcenter.org/about/mission-history Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2022.
  • Dworznik-Hoak, G. (2020). Weathering the Storm: Occupational Stress in Journalists Who Covered Hurricane Harvey. Journalism Studies, 21 (1). 88 106. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1628659 Erişim tarihi: 11.06.2022.
  • Feinstein A, Owen J, Blair N. (2002). A hazardous profession: war, journalists, and psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 159(9). 1570-1575 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1570 Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2022.
  • Flannery RB (2022). News journalists and postruamatic stress disorder: a review of literature, 2011-2020. Psychiatr Q. 93(1). 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09920-z Erişim tarihi: 14.08.2022.
  • Hürriyet.com.tr. (2004). Yüzyılın depremi. 26 Aralık https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/yuzyilin-depremi-284202 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022
  • MacDonald J, Hodgins G ve Saliba. A.J.(2017). Trauma exposure in journalists: A systematic literature review. Fusion Journal 11, 1-17. http://www.fusion-journal.com/issue/011-dangerous-journalism/trauma-exposure-in-journalists-a-systematic-literature-review/ Erişim tarihi: 29.05. 2022.
  • Massé, M. H. (2011). Trauma journalism : on deadline in harm's way. Continuum International Pub. Group. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing
  • Newman, E., Shapiro, B., & Nelson, S. (2009). Journalism and media during disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. Norris (Eds.), Mental Health Consequences of Disaster (pp. 291-301).New York, NY: Cambridge Press.
  • Monteiro, S. d. D. T., ve Marques Pinto, A. (2017). Reporting daily and critical events: Journalists’ perceptions of coping and savouring strategies, and of organizational support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(3), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1296832 Erişim tarihi: 21.05. 2022.
  • Newman, E., Shapiro, B., ve Nelson, S. (2009). Journalism and media during disasters. Y. Neria, S. Galea ve F. Norris (Ed.). Mental Health Consequences of Disaster. 291-301.New York: Cambridge Press.
  • Osmann, J., Dvorkin, J., Inbar, Y., Page-Gould, E., ve Feinstein, A. (2021). The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: A mapping review. Media, War & Conflict, 14(4), 476–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219895998 Erişim tarihi: 29.03. 2022.
  • Peterson, C. (2008). International News Reporting. (Ed.) Donsbach, W. The International encyclopedia of communication, 2415-2420. MA: Blackwell Publishing Puente, S., Pellegrini, S ve Grassau, D. (2013).“Journalistic challenges in television coverage of disasters: Lessons from the february 27, 2010 Earthquake in Chile.” Communication & Society/ 26 (4). 103–125. https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36062 Erişim tarihi: 29.04. 2022.
  • Rakshit, R. (2009). Media and safe disaster coverage. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Report. https://www.unisdr.org/files/8642_ADPC.pdf Erişim tarihi: 16.05. 2022.
  • Scanlon, S. (2014). Quake aftermath: Christchurch journalists' collective trauma experience and the implications for their reporting, MEDIANZ. 14 (1). 83-95. https://quakestudies.canterbury.ac.nz/store/object/259964 Erişim tarihi: 10.06. 2022
  • Schudson, M. (2022). Gazetecilik Neden Önemli? G. Adaklı (Çev.) Ankara: Um:Ag.
  • Seely, N. (2019). Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering everyday trauma. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 40(2), 2312–2330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532919835612 Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2022.
  • Simpson, R. A., & Boggs, J. G. (1999). An Exploratory Study of Traumatic Stress among Newspaper Journalists. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 1(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/152263799900100102 Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2021
  • Simpson, R. ve Coté, W. (2006). Covering violence: a guide to ethical reporting about victims and trauma. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Smith, R., Newman, E., Drevo, S. ve Slaughter, A. (2019). Covering trauma: Impact on journalists. https://dartcenter.org/content/covering-trauma-impact-on-journalists Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2022.
  • Sin SS, Chan A, Huak CY. (2005). A pilot study of the impact of the Asian Tsunami on a group of Asian media workers. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 7(4). 299-305. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7379710_A_pilot_study_of_the_impact_of_the_Asian_Tsunami_on_a_group_of_Asian_media_workers Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022.
  • Tandoc, E. C., & Takahashi, B. (2018). Journalists are humans, too: A phenomenology of covering the strongest storm on earth. Journalism, 19 (7), 917–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657518 Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2022.
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDR). Terminology-Online Glossary. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2022.
  • Usher, N. (2009). Recovery from dısaster: How journalists at the New Orleans Times-Picayune understand the role of a post-Katrina newspaper. Journalism Practice. 3 (2). 216-232 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681322 Erişim tarihi: 07.5.2022.
  • Weidmann, A., Fehm, L., ve Fydrich, T. (2007). Covering the tsunami disaster: Subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 24(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1168 Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2022.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Meltem Gönden 0000-0003-0728-3835

Ayşe Şafak This is me

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date November 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gönden, M., & Şafak, A. (2022). Doğal Afetlerde Gazeteciler ve Travma Deneyimleri. Sakarya İletişim, 2(2), 133-151.