This study is based on the idea that cultural productions cannot be considered independently of the social experiences of the era they are produced in, and that movies can be considered as descriptive and critical instruments that illuminate the ideological tendencies of historical processes. The specific situation of conservative ideology in Turkey in the first decades of the 21st century finds its response in the cultural arena as well as the political and social ones. Since the early 2000s, the density of conservatism as a political ideology in Turkey has increased to a degree unparalleled in Turkish history; and as it has, this ideology has assumed a hegemonic character with a far more pronounced religious aspect compared to its relatives in England and the United States. In the same time period, Turkish “horror cinema” emerged for the first time as a popular genre with a wide audience. This parallelism between the political and ideological structure and the quantity and quality of cultural production is noteworthy. I argue that Turkey’s rising conservative ideology can be traced through its horror movies. Based on a critical Marxist perspective and conceptual framework, I focus on how conservatism is constructed in these movies and analyze the motifs and themes that mark the specific situation of Turkey’s conservative ideology since the early 2000s. For this purpose, I examine five films that are particularly salient in terms of their conservative themes: Büyü (Orhan Oğuz, 2004), Semum (Hasan Karacadağ, 2008), Ses (Ümit Ünal, 2010), Azazil: Düğüm (Özgür Bakar, 2014), and Üç Harfliler 2: Hablis (Murat Toktamışoğlu, 2015). Based on my analysis, these films fall into two broad groups based on the discourses they establish, the hegemonic and the counter-hegemonic—that is, in support of or in opposition to the prevailing ideology of the period. One of this study’s most important findings is that of the dynamism of the religious tone in Turkish horror films and the transformation of the density and quality of the hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourses in them over time. Films in the first of these groups establish their discourse through motifs such as the patriarchal family, tradition, authority, and religion, which are constructed using a range of themes: the opposition between religion, belief, and science; the imperfection and malice of human nature; the distrust of the human mind; and religion as a source of tradition and authority. One of the most prominent features of movies that establish hegemonic discourse is their supernatural elements. These films target non-believers with an increasing emphasis on a religious message that amounts to hate speech. These movies utilize religious elements and discourses far beyond what the narrative requires, paving the way for exploiting religion itself and the beliefs of religious individuals. In addition to these religious elements, these films also display a highly misogynistic attitude. Women, female sexuality, and the female body are a primary target in these movies, paralleling the authoritarian, irrational, and reactionary anti-modernism and anti-enlightenment mindset which distinguishes the post-2000 hegemonic process in Turkey. Through their emphasis on the patriarchal family, these films present men as the sole and definitive saviors responsible for restoring authority to society, even as they deprive authority from men who are scientists, materialists, and unbelievers. The men in the latter group are condemned to fail in the traditional and protective “father” role. Religion challenges science in extreme ways, and reason and rationality (especially modern medical science) are discredited. Films in the second group eschew religious elements and contain an alternative discourse unconnected to Islam. These movies construct conservative motifs in a way that opposes and undermines conservative ideology and do so using a separate set of themes: a kind of negative freedom in which individuals are left alone to make their own decisions; people defined beyond the roles attributed them by tradition and stereotypes; and the influence of material-social life processes on consciousness rather than the malice of human nature. In contrast to the religious and hegemonic tone which appeared in films in the first group, this oppositional discourse signifies a return of the repressed.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | Communication and Media Studies |
Journal Section | Features |
Authors | |
Publication Date | October 12, 2022 |
Published in Issue | Year 2022 |
sinecine TR DİZİN ve FIAF tarafından taranmaktadır.