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A Problem of Perspective: Religions in Africa or African Traditional Religion

Year 2024, , 391 - 418, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1511802

Abstract

This study critiques study of African religions as a singular phenomenon under the umbrella term "African Traditional Religion" and rejects this reductionist approach, suggesting that a more detailed approach that recognises the diversity and plurality of religions on the African continent would allow for more insightful results in the study of religion in Africa. Along with Islam and Christianity, many religions indigenous to African peoples are still practised in Africa. Information about African religions was first provided in the works written mostly by Westerners. The works written by Christian missionaries, anthropologists, soldiers and researchers on religious life in Africa, both before and after the colonial period, have been the trendsetters of the "religion in Africa" literature. In such studies, Africa was analysed as a totality and the term " African Traditional Religion" was created. Besides, these studies were mostly biased, they often looked at religious phenomena from the perspective of Christianity and tried to Christianise them, and even more importantly, they made generalisations and presented all religions as a single religion. Later works by Africans were mostly written by Africans who converted to Christianity. This has led to the continuation of the reductionist and generalising approach in the relevant literature. Studies conducted from this perspective have typically situated African religions within frameworks that emphasize concepts such as the Supreme Being, spirits, ancestor veneration, magic, and sorcery. By highlighting these shared phenomena and oral traditions, this reductionist and orientalist perspective has contributed to the perception of African religions as a singular, cohesive entity. Even today, this effect can be seen in many works. Just as it is an erroneous approach to consider the peoples of Africa as a single race or nation, it is equally problematic to consider the religions of Africa as a single religion. This approach, which places the understanding that there is a single religion in the whole continent based on some similarities observed among the religions in Africa, has prevented the understanding of religious diversity in Africa and African religions. Although it may seem like a practical and problem-free approach, it is obvious that this perspective hinders the understanding of African religions and hence the understanding of Africa. The articles and books analysed in the context of this study have been instrumental in identifying a number of problems associated with this perspective. Many researchers have used the singular term 'Traditional African Religion' and failed to acknowledge the differences between religions. Others have used the term “African Traditional Religion” in the singular, but have stated that religions in Africa should be considered in the plural. Some other researchers have sometimes used a singular and sometimes a plural expression and stated that these can change according to the context, and that both expressions are correct. A small number of researchers also acknowledged that the appropriate term is “religions in Africa” or “African Traditional Religions” in the plural form, in accordance with the points raised in this study. Therefore, this study argues that the individual characteristics of African religions should not be generalised and represented as a single phenomenon, but that a more accurate understanding of these still living religions, with particular emphasis on their differences, will contribute to the understanding of Africa.

References

  • Arslan, Hammet. “Geleneksel Afrika Dini’nde Tanrı Tasavvuru”. B. Ü. İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2/2 (2015), 7-25.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete – Mazama, Ama (ed). Encyclopaedia of African Religion. California: Sage Publication, 2009.
  • Awolalu, J. Omosade. “Sin and Its Removal in African Traditional Religion”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 44/2 (1976), 275-287.
  • Brill. “Journal of Religion in Africa”. Erişim 15.04.2024. https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/jra-overview.xml. Bongmba, Elias Kifon (ed). The Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Booth, Newell S. “Tradition and Community in African Religion”. Journal of Religion in Africa 9/2 (1978), 81-94.
  • Chitando, Ezra. “Phenomenology of Religion and the Study of African Traditional Religions”. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 17/4 (2005), 299-316.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Editors of. “African religions”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 7 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-religions.
  • Gomez, Michael A. “Africans, Religion, and African Religion Through the Nineteenth Century”. Journal of Africana Religions 1/1 (2013), 78-90.
  • Green, Ronald M. “Religion and Morality in the African Traditional Setting”. Journal of Religion in Africa 14/1 (1983), 1-23.
  • Idowu, E. Bolaji. African Traditional Religion: A Definition. London: SCM Press, 1973.
  • Kamara, Gibreel M. “Regaining Our African Aesthetics and Essence Through Our African Traditional Religion”. Journal of Black Studies 30/4 (2000), 502-514.
  • Knighton, Ben. “The Meaning of God in an African Traditional Religion and the Meaninglessness of Well-meaning Mission: The Experience of Christian Enculturation in Karamoja, Uganda”. Transformation 16/4 (1999), 120-126.
  • Lahr, Marta Mirazón – Foley, Robert A. “Human Evolution in Late Quaternary Eastern Africa”. Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments. ed. Sacha C. Jones and Brian A. Stewart. 215-231. Cambridge: Springer, 2016,
  • Lugira, Aloysius M. African Traditional Religion. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2009.
  • Mbiti, John S. African Religions and Philosophy. New York: Anchor Books, 1970.
  • Mbiti, John S. Introduction to African Religion. London: Heinemann, 1975.
  • Migeod, Frederick W. H. “The Basis of African Religion”. Journal of the Royal African Society 19/73 (1919), 20-39.
  • Mndende, Nokuzola. “From Underground Praxis to Recognized Religion: Challenges Facing African Religions”. Journal for the Study of Religion 11/2 (1998), 115-124.
  • Nabofa, M. Y. “Blood Symbolism in African Religion”. Religious Studies 21/3 (1985), 389-405.
  • Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey. African Mythology. Feltham: Newnes, 1982.
  • Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey. Religion in Africa. New York: Preager Publishers, 1969.
  • Pobee, John. “Aspects of African Traditional Religion”. Sociological Analysis 37/1 (1976), 1-18.
  • Polk, Patrick. “African Religion and Christianity in Grenada”. Caribbean Quarterly: The Spiritual Baptist, Shango, and Others: African Derived Religions in the Caribbean 3/4 (1993), 73-81.
  • Turner, Harold W. “The Way Forward in the Religious Study of African Primal Religions”. Journal of Religion in Africa 12/1 (1981), 1-15.
  • Watkins, Mark Hanna. “African Traditional Religion by Geoffrey Parrinder., The Journal of Negro History 39/4 (1954), 315-317.
  • Wijsen, Frans. “Mission Practice and Theory in Africa”. The Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa. ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 189-199. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Wright, Marcia. “African History in the 1960’s: Religion”. African Studies Review 14/ 3 (1971), 439-445, s.440.
  • Zuesse, Evan M. “Divination and Deity in African Religions”. History of Religions 15/2 (1975), 158-182.

Bakış Açısı Problemi: Afrika’da Dinler veya Geleneksel Afrika Dini

Year 2024, , 391 - 418, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1511802

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Afrika dinlerinin tekil bir olgu olarak “Geleneksel Afrika Dini” şeklindeki bir şemsiye terim altında incelenmesini eleştirmekte ve bu indirgemeci yaklaşımı reddederek Afrika kıtasındaki dinlerin çeşitliliğini ve çoğulluğunu kabul eden bir yaklaşımın Afrika’daki din çalışmalarında daha anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmesine imkân tanıyacağını önermektedir. Afrika’da İslam ve Hristiyanlığın yanı sıra Afrika halklarına özgü birçok din hâlâ yaygın olarak varlıklarını devam ettirmektedir. Bu dinler hakkındaki bilgilerimiz ilk olarak çoğunlukla Batılılar tarafından kaleme alınan eserlerde yer almıştır. Hem kolonyal dönem öncesinde hem de sonrasında Hristiyan misyonerlerin, antropologların, askerlerin ve araştırmacıların Afrika’daki dini yaşam hakkında yazdıkları eserler, “Afrika’da din” literatürünün yön göstericileri olmuştur. Bu çalışmalarda Afrika bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmiş ve ortaya “Geleneksel Afrika Dini” şeklinde bir terim çıkmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmalar çoğunlukla taraflı, olgulara Hristiyanlık perspektifinden bakan ve onları Hristiyanlaştırmaya çalışan, daha da önemlisi, birtakım genellemeler ile tüm dinleri tek bir din gibi gösteren eserlerdir. Daha sonra Afrikalılar tarafından yapılan çalışmalar da çoğunlukla Hristiyanlığa ihtida edenler tarafından yapılmıştır. Bu, ilgili literatürde var olan indirgemeci ve genelleyici eğilimin devam etmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu bakış açısıyla yapılan çalışmalar Afrika dinlerini Yüce Varlık, ruhlar, atalar kültü, sihri ve büyü olguları kıskacında ele almıştır. Bu oryantalist bakış açısı, birtakım ortak olguları ve sözlü geleneği sebep göstererek Afrika dinlerinin tekil bir din olduğu algısını yerleştirmiştir. Bugün dahi birçok çalışmada bu etkinin devam ettiğini görmek mümkündür. Afrika’da yaşayan halkların tek bir ırk veya millet olarak değerlendirilmesi nasıl hatalı bir yaklaşım ise Afrika’da yaşayan dinlerin tek bir din olarak değerlendirilmesi de aynı derecede sorunlu bir yaklaşımdır. Afrika’daki dinlerde gözlemlenen birtakım benzerliklerden hareketle bütün kıtada tek bir din olduğu anlayışını yerleştiren bu yaklaşım, Afrika’daki dini çeşitliliğin ve Afrika dinlerinin anlaşılmasına engel olmuştur. Her ne kadar kolaylaştırıcı ve sorunları ortadan kaldırıcı bir yaklaşım gibi görünse de bu bakış açısının Afrika dinlerinin ve dolayısıyla Afrika’nın anlaşılmasını engellediği ortadadır. Bu çalışma bağlamında incelen makale ve kitaplarda bu perspektifin ortaya çıkardığı sorunlara işaret edilmiştir. Birçok araştırmacı Geleneksel Afrika Dini terimini tekil olarak kullanmış ve dinler arasındaki farklılıkları görmezden gelmiştir. Bazıları ise tekil olarak Geleneksel Afrika Dini ifadesini kullanmış ancak Afrika’da dinlerin çoğul olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Diğer bazı araştırmacılar ise bazen tekil, bazen çoğul bir ifade kullanmış ve bunların bağlama göre değişebileceğini, her iki ifadenin de doğru olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Çok az sayıda araştırmacı bu araştırmada işaret edilen birtakım hususlara da değinerek doğru terimin çoğul olarak “Afrika’da dinler” veya “Geleneksel Afrika Dinleri” olması gerektiğini kabul etmiştir. Bu çalışma, Afrika dinlerinin bireysel özelliklerinin birtakım genellemeler yapılarak tek bir olgu olarak betimlenmesini değil, özellikle bu farklılıklara vurgu yapılarak hala yaşayan bu dinlerin daha doğru bir şekilde anlaşılmasının Afrika’nın anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacağını ileri sürmektedir.

References

  • Arslan, Hammet. “Geleneksel Afrika Dini’nde Tanrı Tasavvuru”. B. Ü. İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2/2 (2015), 7-25.
  • Asante, Molefi Kete – Mazama, Ama (ed). Encyclopaedia of African Religion. California: Sage Publication, 2009.
  • Awolalu, J. Omosade. “Sin and Its Removal in African Traditional Religion”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 44/2 (1976), 275-287.
  • Brill. “Journal of Religion in Africa”. Erişim 15.04.2024. https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/jra-overview.xml. Bongmba, Elias Kifon (ed). The Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Booth, Newell S. “Tradition and Community in African Religion”. Journal of Religion in Africa 9/2 (1978), 81-94.
  • Chitando, Ezra. “Phenomenology of Religion and the Study of African Traditional Religions”. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 17/4 (2005), 299-316.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Editors of. “African religions”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 7 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-religions.
  • Gomez, Michael A. “Africans, Religion, and African Religion Through the Nineteenth Century”. Journal of Africana Religions 1/1 (2013), 78-90.
  • Green, Ronald M. “Religion and Morality in the African Traditional Setting”. Journal of Religion in Africa 14/1 (1983), 1-23.
  • Idowu, E. Bolaji. African Traditional Religion: A Definition. London: SCM Press, 1973.
  • Kamara, Gibreel M. “Regaining Our African Aesthetics and Essence Through Our African Traditional Religion”. Journal of Black Studies 30/4 (2000), 502-514.
  • Knighton, Ben. “The Meaning of God in an African Traditional Religion and the Meaninglessness of Well-meaning Mission: The Experience of Christian Enculturation in Karamoja, Uganda”. Transformation 16/4 (1999), 120-126.
  • Lahr, Marta Mirazón – Foley, Robert A. “Human Evolution in Late Quaternary Eastern Africa”. Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments. ed. Sacha C. Jones and Brian A. Stewart. 215-231. Cambridge: Springer, 2016,
  • Lugira, Aloysius M. African Traditional Religion. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2009.
  • Mbiti, John S. African Religions and Philosophy. New York: Anchor Books, 1970.
  • Mbiti, John S. Introduction to African Religion. London: Heinemann, 1975.
  • Migeod, Frederick W. H. “The Basis of African Religion”. Journal of the Royal African Society 19/73 (1919), 20-39.
  • Mndende, Nokuzola. “From Underground Praxis to Recognized Religion: Challenges Facing African Religions”. Journal for the Study of Religion 11/2 (1998), 115-124.
  • Nabofa, M. Y. “Blood Symbolism in African Religion”. Religious Studies 21/3 (1985), 389-405.
  • Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey. African Mythology. Feltham: Newnes, 1982.
  • Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey. Religion in Africa. New York: Preager Publishers, 1969.
  • Pobee, John. “Aspects of African Traditional Religion”. Sociological Analysis 37/1 (1976), 1-18.
  • Polk, Patrick. “African Religion and Christianity in Grenada”. Caribbean Quarterly: The Spiritual Baptist, Shango, and Others: African Derived Religions in the Caribbean 3/4 (1993), 73-81.
  • Turner, Harold W. “The Way Forward in the Religious Study of African Primal Religions”. Journal of Religion in Africa 12/1 (1981), 1-15.
  • Watkins, Mark Hanna. “African Traditional Religion by Geoffrey Parrinder., The Journal of Negro History 39/4 (1954), 315-317.
  • Wijsen, Frans. “Mission Practice and Theory in Africa”. The Routledge Companion to Christianity in Africa. ed. Elias Kifon Bongmba. 189-199. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Wright, Marcia. “African History in the 1960’s: Religion”. African Studies Review 14/ 3 (1971), 439-445, s.440.
  • Zuesse, Evan M. “Divination and Deity in African Religions”. History of Religions 15/2 (1975), 158-182.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies in Religious Traditions (Excl. Eastern, Jewish, Christian and Islamic Traditions)
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Osman Şahin 0000-0003-2959-241X

Early Pub Date December 12, 2024
Publication Date December 15, 2024
Submission Date July 7, 2024
Acceptance Date October 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Şahin, Osman. “A Problem of Perspective: Religions in Africa or African Traditional Religion”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 35 (December 2024), 391-418. https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1511802.

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