Enerji Verimliliğinin Enerji Güvenliği ve Enerji Sürdürülebilirliği Odağında Kavramsallaştırılması

Yıl 2022, , 581 - 594, 29.11.2022

Gelengül Koçaslan

https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.1175444

Öz

Enerji hayati öneme sahip olduğu için enerji kaynaklarından verimli şekilde faydalanmak hükümetlerin gündemlerinin ilk sırasındadır ve enerji verimliliği şimdiye kadar enerji politikalarının başlıca bileşenleri arasında yer almıştır. Yine de özü itibariyle sürdürülebilirliğin diğer bileşenleri ile ilişkili olduğu için enerji verimliliğini başarmak o kadar da kolay olmamaktadır. Sürdürülebilirlik ülkelerin gelişme hedeflerinde anahtar rol oynar ve sürdürülebilir iktisadi, sosyal, çevresel, siyasal ve güvenlik politikalarına işaret eder. Sürdürülebilirliği herbirini gözönünde bulundurarak ve aralarında bir çatışma olmaksızın sağlamak son derece önemlidir. Bu araştırma enerji sürdürülebilirliği ve enerji güvenliğine odaklanarak enerji verimliliğinin kapsamlı bir anlatımını sunmaktadır. Enerji sürdürülebilirliği ve enerji güvenliği odağında enerji verimliliğini daha iyi anlamak amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enerji verimliliği, enerji güvenliği, enerji sürdürülebilirliği, enerji politikası.

CONCEPTUALIZING ENERGY EFFICIENCY WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

Öz

As energy is essential to life utilizing energy resources efficiently has been at the top of the agendas of the governments and energy efficiency has been among the major components of energy policies so far. However it is not that easy to achieve energy efficiency as it is inherently related to the other components of sustainability. Sustainability plays a key role in development goals of the countries and refers to sustainable economic, social, environmental, political and security policies. It is critical to promote sustainability showing regard to each of them without any conflict. This research presents a comprehensive understanding of energy efficiency focusing on energy sustainability and energy security. It is aimed to better understand energy efficiency within the scope of energy sustainability and energy security.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy efficiency, energy security, energy sustainability, energy policy.

Kaynakça

• Alanzi, A. , Seo, D. and Krarti, M. (2009). Impact Of Building Shape On Thermal PerformancOf Office Buildings In Kuwait, Energy Conversion and Management J. , 50, 822-828.
• APERC (2007). A Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century: Resources and Constraints, APERC Institute Of Energy Economics, Japan .
• Asif, M. and Muneer, T. (2007). Energy Supply, Its Demand And Security Issues For Developed And Emerging Economies, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. , 11(7), 1388-1413.
• Augutis, J. , Krikštolaitis, R. , Martišauskas, L. and Pečiulytė, S. (2012). Energy Security Level Assessment Technology, Appl. Energy, 97, 143-149.
• Azzuni, A. and Breyer, C. (2018). Definitions And Dimensions Of Energy Security: A Literature Review, WIREs Energy Environ. , 7, e268.
• Badea, A. C. (2010). Energy Security Indicators, EC JRC Institute For Energy, Energy Security Unit, Belgrade.
• Bambawale, M. J. and Sovacool, B. K. (2011). China's Energy Security: The Perspective Of Energy Users, Appl. Energy, 88(5), 1949-1956.
• Blumer, Y. B. , Moser, C. , Patt, A. and Seidl, R. (2015). The Precarious Consensus On The Importance Of Energy Security: Contrasting Views Between Swiss Energy Users and Experts, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 52, 927-936.
• Brophy, V. , Lewis, J. O. (2011). A Green Vitruvius, Principles And Practice Of Sustainable Architectural Design. London: Routledge.
• Catalina, T. , Virgone, J. and Lordache, V. (2011). Study On The Impact Of The Building Form On The Energy Consumption, Proceedings Of Building Simulation, 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, 14-16 November 2011, Sydney.
• Cherp, A. and Jewell, J. (2014). The Concept of Energy Security: Beyond The Four As, Energy Policy, 75, 415-421,
• Chester, L. (2010). Conceptualizing Energy Security And Making Explicit Its Polysemic Nature, Energy Policy, 38, 887-895.
• Christie, E. H. (2009). Energy Vulnerability And EU-Russia Energy Relations, J.Contemp. Eur. Res. , 5(2), 274-292.
• Ciuta, F. (2010). Conceptual Notes On Energy Security: Total Or Banal Security?, Security Dialogue, 41(2), 123-144. Climate Policy Info Hub. Energy Efficiency Policy Instruments In The European Union, https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/energy-efficiency-policy-instruments- european-union (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• Couder, J. (2015). Calculating and operationalising the multiple benefits of energy efficiency in Europe. WP7 Energy system/security: Literature Review on Energy Efficiency and Energy Security, including Power Reliability and Avoided Capacity Costs. D7.1 report, Grant Agreement No. 649724.
• Cox, E. (2016). Opening The Black Box Of Energy Security: A Study Of Conceptions Of Electricity Security In The United Kingdom, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. , 21, 1-11.
• Danielski, I. , Fröling, M. , Joelsson, A. and Norrlandsgatan, V. (2012). The Impact Of The Shape Factor On Final Energy Demand In Residential Buildings In Nordic Climates, WREF-The World Renewable Energy Forum, May 2012, Denver, Colorado.
• Dorian, J. P. , Franssen, H. T. and Simbeck, D. R. (2006). Global Challenges In Energy, Energy Policy, 34(15), 1984-1991.
• Faas, H. , Gracceva, F. , Fulli, G. and Masera, M. (2011). European Security -A European Perspective, Energy Security - International and Local Issues, Theoretical Perspectives, and Critical Energy Infrastructures, Eds. :Gheorghe, A. , Muresan, L. , Springer, 9-21.
• Geletka, V. , Sedlakova, A. (2012). Shape Of Buildings And Energy Consumption, Czasopismo Techniczne, 109, 123-129.
• Gracceva F. and Zeniewski P. (2014). A Systemic Approach To Assessing Energy Security In A Low-Carbon EU Energy System, Applied Energy, 123, 335-348.
• Grubb, M. , Butler, L. and Twomey, P. (2006). Diversity And Security In UK Electricity Generation: The Influence Of Low-Carbon Objectives, Energy Pol. , 34, 4050-4062.
• Haar, L. and Haar, L. N.(2019). A Financial Option Perspective On Energy Security And Strategic Storage, Energy Strategy Reviews, 25, 65-74.
• Hughes, L. (2012). A Generic Framework For The Description And Analysis Of Energy Security In An Energy System, Energy Policy, 42, 221-231.
• Hughes, L. (2009). The Four ‘R's Of Energy Security, Energy Policy, 37(6), 2459-2461.
• IEA (2008). Toward a sustainable energy future, IEA, Paris.
• IEA (2011). The IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security (MOSES) Primary Enrgy Sources And Secondary Fuels, IEA, Paris.
• IEA (2019). Multiple Benefits Of Energy Efficiency, https://www.iea.org/reports/multiple-benefits-of-energy-efficiency (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• IEA, (2021a). Energy Efficiency 2021.
• IEA, (2021b). World Energy Outlook 2021.
• IEA. (2022a). https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/ensuring-energy-security/oil-security (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• IEA. (2022b). https://www.iea.org/news/iea-confirms-individual-contributions-to-collective-action-to-release-oil-stocks-in-response-to-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• IEA. (2022c). https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• Jansen J. C. and Seebregts A. J. (2010). Long-Term Energy Services Security: What Is It And How Can It Be Measured And Valued?, Energy Policy, 38(4), 1654-64.
• Jewell, J. (2011). The IEA Model of Short-Term Energy Security (MOSES): Primary Energy Sources and Secondary Fuels, IEA Energy Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Jun, E. , Kim, W. and Chang, S. H. (2009). The Analysis Of Security Cost For Different Energy Sources, Appl. Energy, 86(10), 1894-1901.
• Kanellakis, M. , Martinopoulos, G. and Zachariadis, T. (2013). European Energy Policy-A Review, Energy Policy, 62, 1020-1030.
• Keyser, D. , Mayernik, J. , M. , McMillan, C. , Agan, J. , Kempkey, N. and Zweig, J. (2015). Accelerate Energy Productivity 2030: A Strategic Roadmap For American Energy Innovation, Economic Growth, And Competitiveness, U.S. Department of Energy.
• Kisel, E. , Hamburg, A. , Härm, M. , Leppiman, A. and Christie, M. O. (2016). Concept For Energy Security Matrix, Energy Policy, 95, 1-9.
• Koçaslan, G. (2006). Türkiye’nin Enerji Kaynakları Ve Alternatif Bir Kaynak Olarak Rüzgar Enerjisinin Değerlendirilmesi, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences .
• Koçaslan, G. (2014). International Energy Security Indicators And Turkey’s Energy Security Risk Score, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4 (4), 735-743.
• Koçaslan, G. (2020a). Energy Issues Current, Global View.
• Koçaslan, G. (2020b). A Critique Of Energy Security Measurement, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (International Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences), 6(2), 37-51.
• Krishnan, R. (2016). Energy Security Through A Framework Of Country Risks And Vulnerabilities, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(1), 32-37.
• Kruyt, B. , van Vuuren, D. P. , de Vries, H. J. M. and Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators For Energy Security, Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166-2181.
• Laldjebaev, M. , Sovacool, B. K. , and Kassam, K. A. S. (2016). Energy Security, Poverty, And Sovereignty: Complex Interlinkages And Compelling Implications, International Energy And Poverty: The Emerging Contours, Ed: Guruswamy, L. , Routledge, UK, 97-112.
• Le Coq, C. and Paltseva, E. (2009). Measuring The Security Of External Energy Supply In The European Union, Energy Policy, 37, 4474-4481.
• Lin, M. , Pan, Y. , Long, W. and Chen, W. (2014). Influence of Building Shape Coefficient On Energy Consumption Of Office Buildings In Hot-Summer-And-Cold-Winter Area Of China, Asimo 2014, IBPSA Asia Conference, December, 2014, Nagoya, Japan.
• Lylykangas, K. (2009). Shape Factor As An Indicator Of Heating Energy Demand, 15. Internationales Holzbau-Forum.
• Mansson, A. , Johansson, B. and Nilsson, L. J. (2014). Assessing Energy Security: An Overview Of Commonly Used Methodologies, Energy, 73, 1-14.
• Martišauskas, L. , Augutis J. , and Krikštolaitis, R. (2018). Methodology For Energy Security Assessment Considering Energy System Resilience To Disruptions, Energy Strategy Reviews, 22, 106-118.,
• Mokrzecka, M. (2018). Influence Of Building Shape And Orientation On Heating Demand: Simulations For Student Dormitories In Temperate Climate Conditions, Web of Conferences 44.
• Nillesen, P. H. L. , Haffner, R. C. G. and Ozbugday, F. C. (2013). Chapter 3 - A Global Perspective On The Long-Term Impact Of Increased Energy Efficiency, Energy Efficiency Towards The End Of Demand Growth, Ed. : Sioshansi, F. P. , Academic press, 87-110.
• Ourghi, R. , Al-Anzi, A. and Krarti, M. A. (2007). A Simplified Analysis Method To Predict The Impact Of Shape On Annual Energy Us Efor Office Buildings, Energy Convers Manage J. , 48, 300-5.
• Pessenlehner W. and Mahdavi, A. (2003). Building Morphology, Transparence And Energy Performance, 8th International IBSPA Conference, August 2003, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 11-14.
• Ren, J. Z. and Sovacool, B. K. (2014). Quantifying, Measuring, And Strategizing Energy Security: Determining The Most Meaningful Dimensions And Metrics, Energy, 76, 838-849.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate for EU Affairs. https://www.ab.gov.tr/chapter-15-energy_80_en.html (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• Shih, W-C. (2014). Energy Security, GATT/WTO, and Regional Agreements. http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/49/2/05_433-484.pdf, (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• Simpson, A. (2007). The Environment–Energy Security Nexus:Critical Analysis Of An Energy ‘Love Triangle’ In Southeast Asia, Third World Q, 28, 539-554.
• Sovacool, B. K. (2011). Evaluating Energy Security In The Asia Pacific: Towards A More Comprehensive Approach, Energy Pol. , 39, 7472-7479.
• Sovacool, B. K. (2012). The Methodological Challenges Of Creating A Comprehensive Energy Security Index, Energy Pol. , 48, 835-840.
• Sovacool, B. K. (2013). An International Assessment Of Energy Security Performance, Ecol. Econ. , 88, 148-158.
• Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Differing Cultures Of Energy Security: An International Comparison Of Public Perceptions, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 55, 811-822.
• Sovacool, B. K. , Valentine, S. V. , Bambawale, M. J. , Brown, M. A. , de Fatima Cardoso, T. , Nurbek, S. , Suleimenova, G. , Li, J. , Xu, Y. , Jain, A. , Alhajji, A. F. and Zubiri, A. (2012). Exploring Propositions About Perceptions Of Energy Security:An International Survey, Environ Sci. Policy, 16(1), 44-64.
• Sovacool B. K. , Sidortsov R. V. and Jones B. R. (2014). Energy Security, Equality and Justice, Routlegde, Oxon.
• Stern, F. and Spencer, J. (2017). Chapter 10: Peak Demand And Time-Differentiated Energy Savings Cross-Cutting Protocol. The Uniform Methods Project: Methods For Determining Energy Efficiency Savings For Specific Measures, Golden, CO; National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/SR-7A40-68566.
• The European Commission. (2000). Green Paper Towards A European Strategy For The Security Of Energy Supply, (COM(2000) 769 Final).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/targets-directive-and-rules_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022a).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/heating-and-cooling_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022b).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022c).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/financing-energy-efficiency_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022d).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022e).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/long-term-renovation-strategies_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022f).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/nearly-zero-energy-buildings_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022g).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/certificates-and-inspections_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022h).
• The European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/financing-renovations_en (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022i).
• Tianzhen, H. (2009). A Close Look At The China Design Standard For Energy Efficiency Of Public Buildings, Energy And Buildings, 41(4), 426-435.
• Tippee, B. (2012). Defining Energy Security, http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue1c/regular-features/journally-speaking/defining-energy-security.html (Accessed Date: 10.01.2022).
• Tuhus-Dubrow, D. , Krarti, M. (2010). Genetic-Algorithm Based Approach To Optimize Building Envelope Design For Residential Buildings, Building and Environment, 45, 1574-1581.
• Tziogas C. and Georgidas P. (2015). Sustainable Energy Security: Critical Taxonomy And System Dynamics Decision-Making Methodology, Chemical Engineering, 43, 1951-1956.
• Valentine, S. V. (2011). Emerging Symbiosis: Renewable Energy And Energy Security, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 15, 4572-4578.
• Winzer, C. (2011). Conceptualizing Energy Security, EPRG Working Paper 1123, Cambridge Working Paper in Economics, 1151, 1-36.
• Winzer, C. (2012). Conceptualizing Energy Security, Energy Policy, 46, 36-48.
• World Energy Council. (2013). World Energy Scenarios Composing Energy Futures To 2050.
• Yergin, D. (1988). Energy Security In The 1990s, Foreign Aff. , 67(1), 110-132.
• Yergin, D. (2006). Ensuring Energy Security, Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 69-82.
• Yueh, L. (2010). An International Approach To Energy Security, Global Policy, 1(2), 216-217.
• Zhang, L. , Yu, J. , Sovacool, B. K. and Ren, J. (2017). Measuring Energy Security Performance Within China: Toward An Inter-Provincial Prospective, Energy, 125, 825-836.